不同种植模式下的土地适宜载畜量

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.02.014

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】规模化畜禽养殖的快速发展，造成畜禽生产废弃物的大量集中产生，对周边环境造成了巨大的压力，严重影响了畜牧业的可持续发展，本研究的目的是建立土地载畜量模型，为畜禽生产废弃物的合理使用提供科学依据；【方法】笔者在查阅大量资料和统计年鉴的基础上，以山东省2012年生猪统计数据和主要种植作物产量及氮磷需求量为例，根据农牧生态平衡和农田生态系统养分循环利用原则，分析了粮食种植（冬小麦-夏玉米）、果树种植（苹果）和蔬菜种植（菜椒-茄子、菜椒-西红柿、西红柿-黄瓜3种大棚种植模式以及茄子-大白菜、西红柿-大白菜、黄瓜-萝卜3种露地种植模式）3种土地利用模式下作物氮、磷养分的需要量，依据畜禽生产废弃物中氮磷养分含量，根据土地养分平衡原理，建立了土地养分平衡模型，确定了不同种植模式下单位面积土地消纳畜禽粪污的能力和载畜量，提出了土地不同种植模式下单位养殖规模需匹配的农田面积；【结果】以能繁母猪为基础建立了估测猪场粪尿养分（氮磷）年排出量的猪单位，折算成单个猪单位的氮、磷产生量分别为87.5和11.1kg/年。以此为基础估测了不同类型畜禽粪尿氮磷产生量。根据种植模式估测了土地氮磷输出量，以蔬菜种植模式下土地氮、磷输出量最高，粮食作物种植模式居中，苹果种植下氮、磷输出量最低。结果表明，蔬菜种植模式土地载畜量更高，大棚种植模式下平均为4.5猪单位/ hm²，露地种植模式下平均为3.8猪单位/hm²；果树种植（苹果）载畜量最低，为1.2猪单位/ hm²；冬小麦-夏玉米模式下，不考虑秸秆还田，载畜量可达3.9猪单位/hm²，如果考虑秸秆还田，则载畜量相应降低。以循环利用方式消纳1 000头能繁母猪规模的自繁自养猪场所产生的废弃物，蔬菜种植模式下所需匹配土地面积最少（西红柿-黄瓜轮作的大棚种植模式需要188.7 hm²），苹果种植所需的匹配土地面积最多，需要匹配833.3 hm²；不考虑秸秆还田，小麦-玉米轮作种植模式下，需要匹配的种植土地为256.4 hm²。【结论】根据“养殖-种植”循环利用模式确定了土地载畜量参数为1.2—4.5猪单位/hm²，该参数为畜禽养殖区域规划、养殖场废弃物处理与利用和土地养分管理提供了依据。

关键词: 载畜量, 循环利用, 养殖规模, 种植模式

Abstract: 【Objective】The rapid development of intensive animal production in China caused the problem of effective disposal and usage of manure and waste water, which is a great challenge on surrounding environment. The aim of the present study is to determine the stock capacity in different cropping systems.【Method】The pig production, swine manure production, and manure nitrogen and phosphorus emission in Shandong province were calculated. The nitrogen and phosphorus requirements under three cropping systems, wheat-corn production, apple production, and vegetable production (three kinds of greenhouse cultivation modes: bell pepper-eggplant, bell pepper-tomato and tomato-cucumber; three open field cultivation modes: eggplant-Chinese cabbage, tomato- Chinese cabbage, cucumber-radish), were estimated as well. A mathematical model was built to determine the stock capacity based on the principle of ecological balance. 【Result】 Hog unit was used to estimate the nitrogen and phosphorus emission content in a pig farm. A hog unit was defined as the total amount of nitrogen or phosphorus in manure from all types of pigs in a pig farm expressed on the basis of breeding sows. A hog unit equaled 87.5kg N/year and 11.1kg P/year. The output of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland was estimated in three cropping systems. The result showed that the vegetable cultivation system had higher nitrogen and phosphorus outputs while the apple production system had lower nitrogen and phosphorus outputs, compared to grain production system. For vegetable cultivation, the stock capacities under greenhouse and open-field production patterns were 4.5 and 3.8 hog unit/hm², respectively. The stock capacity in apple production system was 1.2 hog unit/hm². In grain production, the stock capacity was dependent on the straw returning to field and the suitable stock capacity for wheat/maize production system was 3.9 hog unit/hm² in case of no straw returning to field. The minimum farmland needed for the effective usage of animal manure produced from a pig farm of 1000 breeding sow was 188.7, 833.3, and 256.4 hm² under vegetable, apple, and grain production systems, respectively. 【Conclusion】 In the recycling ecological model of animal husbandry-cropping system, the suitable stock capacity was from 1.2 to 4.5 hog unit/hm², based on different cultivating systems. The present result has laid a foundation for the regional planning of animal husbandry and manure and farmland management.

Key words: stock capacity, cyclic utilization, farming scale, cropping patterns

杨军香，王合亮，焦洪超，林海. 不同种植模式下的土地适宜载畜量[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(2): 339-347.

YANG Jun-xiang, WANG He-liang, JIAO Hong-chao, LIN Hai. Stock Capacity in Different Cropping Systems[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(2): 339-347.

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