Alfieri A A, Parazzi M E, Takiuchi E, Médici K C, Alfieri A F. 2006. Frequency of group A rotavirus in diarrhoeic calves in Brazilian cattle herds, 1998–2002. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 38, 521–526.

Amimo J O, Raev S A, Chepngeno J, Mainga A O, Guo Y, Saif L, Vlasova A N. 2021. Rotavirus interactions with host intestinal epithelial cells. Frontiers in Immunology, 12, 793841.

Anderson R C, Cookson A L, McNabb W C, Park Z, McCann M J, Kelly W J, Roy N C. 2010. Lactobacillus plantarum MB452 enhances the function of the intestinal barrier by increasing the expression levels of genes involved in tight junction formation. BMC Microbiology, 10, 316.

Antanaitis R, Džermeikaitė K, Krištolaitytė J, Armonavičiūtė E, Arlauskaitė S, Girdauskaitė A, Rutkauskas A, Baumgartner W. 2024. Effects of Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, metabolic profile, and health status in dairy calves. Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 14, 2489.

Bampidis V, Azimonti G, Bastos M L, Christensen H, Dusemund B, Kouba M, Kos Durjava M, López-Alonso M, López Puente S, Marcon F, Mayo B, Pechová A, Petkova M, Ramos F, Sanz Y, Villa R E, Woutersen R, Brozzi R, Galobart J, Gregoretti L, et al. 2019. Efficacy of Bacillus subtilis DSM 28343 as a zootechnical additive (gut flora stabiliser) for calves for rearing. EFSA Journal, 17, e05793.

Beaumont M, Paës C, Mussard E, Knudsen C, Cauquil L, Aymard P, Barilly C, Gabinaud B, Zemb O, Fourre S, Gautier R, Lencina C, Eutamène H, Theodorou V, Canlet C, Combes S. 2020. Gut microbiota derived metabolites contribute to intestinal barrier maturation at the suckling-to-weaning transition. Gut Microbes, 11, 1268–1286.

Bernal-Córdoba C, Branco-Lopes R, Latorre-Segura L, Barros-Abreu de M, Fausak E D, Silva-Del-Río N. 2022. Use of antimicrobials in the treatment of calf diarrhea: A systematic review. Animal Health Research Reviews, 23, 101–112.

Binder H J. 2010. Role of colonic short-chain fatty acid transport in diarrhea. Annual Review of Physiology, 72, 297–313.

Björkman C, Lindström L, Oweson C, Ahola H, Troell K, Axén C. 2015. Cryptosporidium infections in suckler herd beef calves. Parasitology, 142, 1108–1114.

Borbet T C, Pawline M B, Li J, Ho M L, Yin Y S, Zhang X, Novikova E, Jackson K, Mullins B J, Ruiz V E, Hines M J, Zhang X S, Müller A, Koralov S B, Blaser M J. 2023. Disruption of the early-life microbiota alters Peyer’s patch development and germinal center formation in gastrointestinal-associated lymphoid tissue. iScience, 26, 106810.

Brandi G, Calabrese C, Tavolari S, Bridonneau C, Raibaud P, Liguori G, Thomas M, Di Battista M, Gaboriau-Routhiau V, Langella P. 2024. Intestinal microbiota increases cell proliferation of colonic mucosa in Human-Flora-Associated (HFA) Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25, 6182.

Caffarena R D, Casaux M L, Schild C O, Fraga M, Castells M, Colina R, Maya L, Corbellini L G, Riet-Correa F, Giannitti F. 2021. Causes of neonatal calf diarrhea and mortality in pasture-based dairy herds in Uruguay: A farm-matched case-control study. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 52, 977–988.

Cai X, Yi P, Chen X, Wu J, Lan G, Li S, Luo S, Huang F, Huang J, Shen P. 2024. Intake of compound probiotics accelerates the construction of immune function and gut microbiome in Holstein calves. Microbiology Spectrum, 12, e0190923.

Campbell C, McKenney P T, Konstantinovsky D, Isaeva O I, Schizas M, Verter J, Mai C, Jin W B, Guo C J, Violante S, Ramos R J, Cross J R, Kadaveru K, Hambor J, Rudensky A Y. 2020. Bacterial metabolism of bile acids promotes generation of peripheral regulatory T cells. Nature, 581, 475–479.

Chen T, Liu S, Zhang S, Song H, Zhuang Y, Ma J, Xiao J, Wang J, Ma Y, Wang Y, Wang W, Li S, Cao Z. 2024. Initial diet shapes resistance-gene composition and fecal microbiome dynamics in young ruminants during nursing. The Science of the Total Environment, 926, 172103.

Cho Y I, Han J I, Wang C, Cooper V, Schwartz K, Engelken T, Yoon K J. 2013. Case-control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea. Veterinary Microbiology, 166, 375–385.

Cho Y I, Yoon K J. 2014. An overview of calf diarrhea-infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention. Journal of Veterinary Science, 15, 1–17.

Chung H, Pamp S J, Hill J A, Surana N K, Edelman S M, Troy E B, Reading N C, Villablanca E J, Wang S, Mora J R, Umesaki Y, Mathis D, Benoist C, Relman D A, Kasper D L. 2012. Gut immune maturation depends on colonization with a host-specific microbiota. Cell, 149, 1578–1593.

Cleusix V, Lacroix C, Vollenweider S, Duboux M, Le Blay G. 2007. Inhibitory activity spectrum of reuterin produced by Lactobacillus reuteri against intestinal bacteria. BMC Microbiology, 7, 101.

Degirolamo C, Rainaldi S, Bovenga F, Murzilli S, Moschetta A. 2014. Microbiota modification with probiotics induces hepatic bile acid synthesis via downregulation of the Fxr-Fgf15 axis in mice. Cell Reports, 7, 12–18.

Du R, Jiao S, Dai Y, An J, Lv J, Yan X, Wang J, Han B. 2018. Probiotic bacillus amyloliquefaciens C-1 improves growth performance, stimulates GH/IGF-1, and regulates the gut microbiota of growth-retarded beef calves. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 2006.

Du W, Wang X, Hu M, Hou J, Du Y, Si W, Yang L, Xu L, Xu Q. 2023. Modulating gastrointestinal microbiota to alleviate diarrhea in calves. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1181545.

Evans C A, Reichel M P. 2021. Non-bovine species and the risk to effective control of bovine viral diarrhoea (BVD) in cattle. Pathogens, 10, 1263.

Fan P, Kim M, Liu G, Zhai Y, Liu T, Driver J D, Jeong K C. 2021. The gut microbiota of newborn calves and influence of potential probiotics on reducing diarrheic disease by inhibition of pathogen colonization. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 772863.

Fang D, Shi D, Lv L, Gu S, Wu W, Chen Y, Guo J, Li A, Hu X, Guo F, Ye J, Li Y, Li L. 2017. Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum LI09 and Bifidobacterium catenulatum LI10 attenuate D-galactosamine-induced liver injury by modifying the gut microbiota. Scientific Reports, 7, 8770.

Fang H, Elina T, Heikki A, Seppo S. 2000. Modulation of humoral immune response through probiotic intake. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, 29, 47–52.

Fang Z, Pan T, Wang H, Zhu J, Zhang H, Zhao J, Chen W, Lu W. 2022. Limosilactobacillus reuteri attenuates atopic dermatitis via changes in gut bacteria and indole derivatives from tryptophan metabolism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23, 7735.

La Fata G, Weber P, Mohajeri M H. 2018. Probiotics and the gut immune system: Indirect regulation. Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins, 10, 11–21.

Fentie T, Guta S, Mekonen G, Temesgen W, Melaku A, Asefa G, Tesfaye S, Niguse A, Abera B, Kflewahd F Z, Hailu B, Begna F, Worku Z. 2020. Assessment of major causes of calf mortality in urban and periurban dairy production system of Ethiopia. Veterinary Medicine International, 2020, 3075429.

Fernández S, Fraga M, Castells M, Colina R, Zunino P. 2020. Effect of the administration of Lactobacillus spp. strains on neonatal diarrhoea, immune parameters and pathogen abundance in pre-weaned calves. Beneficial Microbes, 11, 477–488.

Finamore A, Roselli M, Imbinto A, Seeboth J, Oswald I P, Mengheri E. 2014. Lactobacillus amylovorus inhibits the TLR4 inflammatory signaling triggered by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli via modulation of the negative regulators and involvement of TLR2 in intestinal Caco-2 cells and pig explants. PLoS ONE, 9, e94891.

Foditsch C, Pereira R V, Ganda E K, Gomez M S, Marques E C, Santin T, Bicalho R C. 2015. Oral administration of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii decreased the incidence of severe diarrhea and related mortality rate and increased weight gain in preweaned dairy heifers. PLoS ONE, 10, e0145485.

Foster D M, Smith G W. 2009. Pathophysiology of diarrhea in calves. The Veterinary Clinics of North America, 25, 13–36.

Fries P N, Popowych Y I, Guan L L, Griebel P J. 2011. Age-related changes in the distribution and frequency of myeloid and T cell populations in the small intestine of calves. Cellular Immunology, 271, 428–437.

Fukuda S, Toh H, Hase K, Oshima K, Nakanishi Y, Yoshimura K, Tobe T, Clarke J M, Topping D L, Suzuki T, Taylor T D, Itoh K, Kikuchi J, Morita H, Hattori M, Ohno H. 2011. Bifidobacteria can protect from enteropathogenic infection through production of acetate. Nature, 469, 543–547.

Gagliardi A, Totino V, Cacciotti F, Iebba V, Neroni B, Bonfiglio G, Trancassini M, Passariello C, Pantanella F, Schippa S. 2018. Rebuilding the gut microbiota ecosystem. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15, 1679.

Gamsjäger L, Cirone K M, Schluessel S, Campsall M, Herik A, Lahiri P, Young D, Dufour A, Sapountzis P, Otani S, Gomez D E, Windeyer M C, Cobo E R. 2023. Host innate immune responses and microbiome profile of neonatal calves challenged with Cryptosporidium parvum and the effect of bovine colostrum supplementation. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 13, 1165312.

Gareau M G, Sherman P M, Walker W A. 2010. Probiotics and the gut microbiota in intestinal health and disease. Nature Reviews: Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 7, 503–514.

Gensollen T, Iyer S S, Kasper D L, Blumberg R S. 2016. How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system. Science, 352, 539–544.

Gitau G K, Aleri J W, Mbuthia P G, Mulei C M. 2010. Causes of calf mortality in peri-urban area of Nairobi, Kenya. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 42, 1643–1647.

Gomez D E, Li L, Goetz H, MacNicol J, Gamsjaeger L, Renaud D L. 2022. Calf diarrhea is associated with a shift from obligated to facultative anaerobes and expansion of lactate-producing bacteria. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 846383.

Gomez D E, Weese J S. 2017. Viral enteritis in calves. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 58, 1267–1274.

Gou H Z, Zhang Y L, Ren L F, Li Z J, Zhang L. 2022. How do intestinal probiotics restore the intestinal barrier? Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 929346.

Gull T. 2022. Bacterial causes of intestinal disease in dairy calves: Acceptable control measures. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 38, 107–119.

He L, Wang C, Simujide H, Aricha H, Zhang J, Liu B, Aorigele C. 2022. Effects of pathogenic escherichia coli infection on the flora composition, function, and content of short-chain fatty acids in calf feces. Animals, 12, 959.

He Z, Ma Y, Yang S, Zhang S, Liu S, Xiao J, Wang Y, Wang W, Yang H, Li S, Cao Z. 2022. Gut microbiota-derived ursodeoxycholic acid from neonatal dairy calves improves intestinal homeostasis and colitis to attenuate extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enteroaggregative Escherichia coli infection. Microbiome, 10, 79.

Hirano J, Yoshida T, Sugiyama T, Koide N, Mori I, Yokochi T. 2003. The effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection of human intestinal cells in vitro. Microbiology and Immunology, 47, 405–409.

Hodnik J J, Ježek J, Starič J. 2020. Coronaviruses in cattle. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52, 2809–2816.

Hutchins A P, Diez D, Miranda-Saavedra D. 2013. The IL-10/STAT3-mediated anti-inflammatory response: Recent developments and future challenges. Briefings in Functional Genomics, 12, 489–498.

Ismail Z B, Muhaffel M M. 2022. Dairy calf and replacement heifer mortality on a single intensively managed dairy farm in Jordan: A 3-year-long study (2016–2018). Open Veterinary Journal, 12, 944–950.

Izzo M M, Kirkland P D, Mohler V L, Perkins N R, Gunn A A, House J K. 2011. Prevalence of major enteric pathogens in Australian dairy calves with diarrhoea. Australian Veterinary Journal, 89, 167–173.

Jami E, Israel A, Kotser A, Mizrahi I. 2013. Exploring the bovine rumen bacterial community from birth to adulthood. The ISME Journal, 7, 1069–1079.

Jang J Y, Kim S, Kwon M S, Lee J, Yu D H, Song R H, Choi H J, Park J. 2019. Rotavirus-mediated alteration of gut microbiota and its correlation with physiological characteristics in neonatal calves. Journal of Microbiology, 57, 113–121.

Ji S, Jiang T, Yan H, Guo C, Liu J, Su H, Alugongo G M, Shi H, Wang Y, Cao Z, Li S. 2018. Ecological restoration of antibiotic-disturbed gastrointestinal microbiota in foregut and hindgut of cows. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 8, 79.

Johnson-Henry K C, Donato K A, Shen-Tu G, Gordanpour M, Sherman P M. 2008. Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG prevents enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7-induced changes in epithelial barrier function. Infection and Immunity, 76, 1340–1348.

Jones M L, Martoni C J, Prakash S. 2013. Letter to the editor regarding the report of Duboc et al: Connecting dysbiosis, bile-acid dysmetabolism and gut inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut, 62, 654–655.

Kayasaki F, Okagawa T, Konnai S, Kohara J, Sajiki Y, Watari K, Ganbaatar O, Goto S, Nakamura H, Shimakura H, Minato E, Kobayashi A, Kubota M, Terasaki N, Takeda A, Noda H, Honma M, Maekawa N, Murata S, Ohashi K. 2021. Direct evidence of the preventive effect of milk replacer-based probiotic feeding in calves against severe diarrhea. Veterinary Microbiology, 254, 108976.

Kim H C, Choe C, Kim S, Chae J S, Yu D H, Park J, Park B K, Choi K S. 2018. Epidemiological survey on eimeria spp. Associated with diarrhea in pre-weaned native korean calves. The Korean Journal of Parasitology, 56, 619–623.

Kim H S, Whon T W, Sung H, Jeong Y S, Jung E S, Shin N R, Hyun D W, Kim P S, Lee J Y, Lee C H, Bae J W. 2021. Longitudinal evaluation of fecal microbiota transplantation for ameliorating calf diarrhea and improving growth performance. Nature Communications, 12, 161.

Kim M H, Yun C H, Lee C H, Ha J K. 2012. The effects of fermented soybean meal on immunophysiological and stress-related parameters in Holstein calves after weaning. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 5203–5212.

Klein-Jöbstl D, Iwersen M, Drillich M. 2014. Farm characteristics and calf management practices on dairy farms with and without diarrhea: A case-control study to investigate risk factors for calf diarrhea. Journal of Dairy Science, 97, 5110–5119.

Krautkramer K A, Fan J, Bäckhed F. 2021. Gut microbial metabolites as multi-kingdom intermediates. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 19, 77–94.

Langan D, Perkins D J, Vogel S N, Moudgil K D. 2021. Microbiota-derived metabolites, Indole-3-aldehyde and Indole-3-acetic acid, differentially modulate innate cytokines and stromal remodeling processes associated with autoimmune arthritis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 2017.

Laxminarayan R, Matsoso P, Pant S, Brower C, Røttingen J A, Klugman K, Davies S. 2016. Access to effective antimicrobials: A worldwide challenge. Lancet, 387, 168–175.

Lee J B, Kim S K, Yoon J W. 2022. Pathophysiology of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli during a host infection. Journal of Veterinary Science, 23, e28.

Li Y, Li X, Nie C, Wu Y, Luo R, Chen C, Niu J, Zhang W. 2023. Effects of two strains of Lactobacillus isolated from the feces of calves after fecal microbiota transplantation on growth performance, immune capacity, and intestinal barrier function of weaned calves. Frontiers in Microbiology, 14, 1249628.

Li Y T, Xu H, Ye J Z, Wu W R, Shi D, Fang D Q, Liu Y, Li L J. 2019. Efficacy of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in treatment of acute pediatric diarrhea: A systematic review with meta-analysis. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 25, 4999–5016.

Liang G, Malmuthuge N, McFadden T B, Bao H, Griebel P J, Stothard P, Guan le L. 2014. Potential regulatory role of microRNAs in the development of bovine gastrointestinal tract during early life. PLoS ONE, 9, e92592.

Liu B, Wang C, Huasai S, Han A, Zhang J, He L, Aorigele C. 2022. Compound probiotics improve the diarrhea rate and intestinal microbiota of newborn calves. Animals, 12, 322.

Liu G, Kragh M L, Aabo S, Jensen A N, Olsen J E. 2022. Inhibition of virulence gene expression in salmonella dublin, escherichia coli F5 and clostridium perfringens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea by factors produced by lactic acid bacteria during fermentation of cow milk. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 828013.

Liu J, Xu T, Zhu W, Mao S. 2014. High-grain feeding alters caecal bacterial microbiota composition and fermentation and results in caecal mucosal injury in goats. The British Journal of Nutrition, 112, 416–427.

Llewellyn A, Foey A. 2017. Probiotic Modulation of innate cell pathogen sensing and signaling events. Nutrients, 9, 1156.

Lopez A J, Heinrichs A J. 2022. Invited review: The importance of colostrum in the newborn dairy calf. Journal of Dairy Science, 105, 2733–2749.

Louis P, Flint H J . 2017. Formation of propionate and butyrate by the human colonic microbiota. Environmental Microbiology, 19, 29–41.

Maier G U, Breitenbuecher J, Gomez J P, Samah F, Fausak E, Van Noord M. 2022. Vaccination for the prevention of neonatal calf diarrhea in Cow-calf operations: A scoping review. Veterinary and Animal Science, 15, 100238.

Malmuthuge N, Guan L L. 2017. Understanding the gut microbiome of dairy calves: Opportunities to improve early-life gut health. Journal of Dairy Science, 100, 5996–6005.

Malmuthuge N, Li M, Fries P, Griebel P J, Guan L L. 2012. Regional and age dependent changes in gene expression of Toll-like receptors and key antimicrobial defence molecules throughout the gastrointestinal tract of dairy calves. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 146, 18–26.

Malmuthuge N, Liang G, Griebel P J, Guan L L. 2019. Taxonomic and functional compositions of the small intestinal microbiome in neonatal calves provide a framework for understanding early life gut health. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 85, e02534–18.

Martín R, Langella P. 2019. Emerging health concepts in the probiotics field: Streamlining the definitions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10, 1047.

Mayer M, Abenthum A, J. Matthes M, Kleeberger D, Ege M J, Hölzel C, Bauer J, Schwaiger K. 2012. Development and genetic influence of the rectal bacterial flora of newborn calves. Veterinary Microbiology, 161, 179–185.

McGuirk S M. 2008. Disease management of dairy calves and heifers. The Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 24, 139–153.

Mekonnen S A, Merenstein D, Fraser C M, Marco M L. 2020. Molecular mechanisms of probiotic prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 61, 226–234.

Nagpal R, Kurakawa T, Tsuji H, Takahashi T, Kawashima K, Nagata S, Nomoto K, Yamashiro Y. 2017. Evolution of gut Bifidobacterium population in healthy Japanese infants over the first three years of life: A quantitative assessment. Scientific Reports, 7, 10097.

Oikonomou G, Teixeira A G, Foditsch C, Bicalho M L, Machado V S, Bicalho R C. 2013. Fecal microbial diversity in pre-weaned dairy calves as described by pyrosequencing of metagenomic 16S rDNA. Associations of Faecalibacterium species with health and growth. PLoS ONE, 8, e63157.

Pantazi A C, Balasa A L, Mihai C M, Chisnoiu T, Lupu V V, Kassim M A K, Mihai L, Frecus C E, Chirila S I, Lupu A, Andrusca A, Ionescu C, Cuzic V, Cambrea S C. 2023. Development of gut microbiota in the first 1000 days after birth and potential interventions. Nutrients, 15, 3647.

Parvez S, Malik K A, Ah Kang S, Kim H Y. 2006. Probiotics and their fermented food products are beneficial for health. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100, 1171–1185.

Passafaro T L, Carrera J P, dos Santos L L, Raidan F S, dos Santos D C, Cardoso E P, Leite R C, Toral F L. 2015. Genetic analysis of resistance to ticks, gastrointestinal nematodes and Eimeria spp. in Nellore cattle. Veterinary Parasitology, 210, 224–234.

Petersson J, Schreiber O, Hansson G C, Gendler S J, Velcich A, Lundberg J O, Roos S, Holm L, Phillipson M. 2011. Importance and regulation of the colonic mucus barrier in a mouse model of colitis. American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 300, G327-G333.

Platten M, Nollen E A A, Röhrig U F, Fallarino F, Opitz C A. 2019. Tryptophan metabolism as a common therapeutic target in cancer, neurodegeneration and beyond. Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery, 18, 379–401.

Pretzer G, Snel J, Molenaar D, Wiersma A, Bron P A, Lambert J, de Vos W M, van der Meer R, Smits M A, Kleerebezem M. 2005. Biodiversity-based identification and functional characterization of the mannose-specific adhesin of Lactobacillus plantarum. Journal of Bacteriology, 187, 6128–6136.

Primec M, Škorjanc D, Langerholc T, Mičetić-Turk D, Gorenjak M. 2021. Specific Lactobacillus probiotic strains decrease transepithelial glucose transport through GLUT2 downregulation in intestinal epithelial cell models. Nutrition Research, 86, 10–22.

Qin J, Li R, Raes J, Arumugam M, Burgdorf K S, Manichanh C, Nielsen T, Pons N, Levenez F, Yamada T, Mende D R, Li J, Xu J, Li S, Li D, Cao J, Wang B, Liang H, Zheng H, Xie Y, et al. 2010. A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing. Nature, 464, 59–65.

Reis B P, Zhang S, Tsolis R M, Bäumler A J, Adams L G, Santos R L. 2003. The attenuated sopB mutant of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium has the same tissue distribution and host chemokine response as the wild type in bovine Peyer’s patches. Veterinary Microbiology, 97, 269–277.

Renaud D L, Kelton D F, Weese J S, Noble C, Duffield T F. 2019. Evaluation of a multispecies probiotic as a supportive treatment for diarrhea in dairy calves: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Dairy Science, 102, 4498–4505.

Sarkar A, Mandal S. 2016. Bifidobacteria-Insight into clinical outcomes and mechanisms of its probiotic action. Microbiological Research, 192, 159–171.

Sato H. 2009. Increased fecal lactate and decreased volatile fatty acid (VFA), particularly n-butyrate concentrations in diarrheic young calves. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 71, 117–119.

Smulski S, Turlewicz-Podbielska H, Wylandowska A, Włodarek J. 2020. Non-antibiotic possibilities in prevention and treatment of calf diarrhoea. Journal of Veterinary Research, 64, 119–126.

Sprockett D, Fukami T, Relman D A. 2018. Role of priority effects in the early-life assembly of the gut microbiota. Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 15, 197–205.

Stecher B. 2015. The Roles of inflammation, nutrient availability and the commensal microbiota in enteric pathogen infection. Microbiology Spectrum, 3, 10.1128.

Sun P, Wang J Q, Zhang H T. 2010. Effects of Bacillus subtilis natto on performance and immune function of preweaning calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 93, 5851–5855.

Takeuchi T, Miyauchi E, Kanaya T, Kato T, Nakanishi Y, Watanabe T, Kitami T, Taida T, Sasaki T, Negishi H, Shimamoto S, Matsuyama A, Kimura I, Williams I R, Ohara O, Ohno H. 2021. Acetate differentially regulates IgA reactivity to commensal bacteria. Nature, 595, 560–564.

Teran R, Mitre E, Vaca M, Erazo S, Oviedo G, Hübner M P, Chico M E, Mattapallil J J, Bickle Q, Rodrigues L C, Cooper P J. 2011. Immune system development during early childhood in tropical Latin America: Evidence for the age-dependent down regulation of the innate immune response. Clinical Immunology, 138, 299–310.

Thiagarajah J R, Donowitz M, Verkman A S. 2015. Secretory diarrhoea: Mechanisms and emerging therapies. Nature Reviews: Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 12, 446–457.

Thomson S, Hamilton C A, Hope J C, Katzer F, Mabbott N A, Morrison L J, Innes E A. 2017. Bovine cryptosporidiosis: Impact, host-parasite interaction and control strategies. Veterinary Research, 48, 42.

Timmerman H M, Mulder L, Everts H, van Espen D C, van der Wal E, Klaassen G, Rouwers S M, Hartemink R, Rombouts F M, Beynen A C. 2005. Health and growth of veal calves fed milk replacers with or without probiotics. Journal of Dairy Science, 88, 2154–2165.

Torow N, Hornef M W. 2017. The neonatal window of opportunity: setting the stage for life-long host-microbial interaction and immune homeostasis. Journal of Immunology, 198, 557–563.

Tsukano K, Lakritz J, Suzuki K. 2020. Plasma amino acid status is useful for understanding intestinal mucosal damage in calves with cryptosporidiosis. Amino Acids, 52, 1459–1464.

Tzipori S, Ward H. 2002. Cryptosporidiosis: Biology, pathogenesis and disease. Microbes and Infection, 4, 1047–1058.

Urdaci M C, Lefevre M, Lafforgue G, Cartier C, Rodriguez B, Fioramonti J. 2018. Antidiarrheal action of bacillus subtilis CU1 CNCM I-2745 and lactobacillus plantarum CNCM I-4547 in mice. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1537.

Urie N J, Lombard J E, Shivley C B, Kopral C A, Adams A E, Earleywine T J, Olson J D, Garry F B. 2018. Preweaned heifer management on US dairy operations: Part V. Factors associated with morbidity and mortality in preweaned dairy heifer calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 101, 9229–9244.

Uyeno Y, Shigemori S, Shimosato T. 2015. Effect of probiotics/Prebiotics on cattle health and productivity. Microbes and Environments, 30, 126–132.

Uzal F A, McClane B A. 2011. Recent progress in understanding the pathogenesis of Clostridium perfringens type C infections. Veterinary Microbiology, 153, 37–43.

Vadopalas L, Zokaityte E, Zavistanaviciute P, Gruzauskas R, Starkute V, Mockus E, Klementaviciute J, Ruzauskas M, Lele V, Cernauskas D, Klupsaite D, Dauksiene A, Sederevicius A, Badaras S, Bartkiene E. 2021. Supplement based on fermented milk permeate for feeding newborn calves: influence on blood, growth performance, and faecal parameters, including microbiota, volatile compounds, and fatty and organic acid profiles. Animals: An Open Access Journal from MDPI, 11, 2544.

Villot C, Ma T, Renaud D L, Ghaffari M H, Gibson D J, Skidmore A, Chevaux E, Guan L L, Steele M A. 2019. Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii CNCM I-1079 affects health, growth, and fecal microbiota in milk-fed veal calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 102, 7011–7025.

Vlasova A N, Saif L J. 2021. Bovine coronavirus and the associated diseases. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 643220.

Vlková E, Trojanová I, Rada V. 2006. Distribution of bifidobacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of calves. Folia Microbiologica, 51, 325–328.

Wang H, Yu Z, Gao Z, Li Q, Qiu X, Wu F, Guan T, Cao B, Su H. 2022. Effects of compound probiotics on growth performance, rumen fermentation, blood parameters, and health status of neonatal Holstein calves. Journal of Dairy Science, 105, 2190–2200.

Wang J, Ji H. 2019. Influence of probiotics on dietary protein digestion and utilization in the gastrointestinal tract. Current Protein & Peptide Science, 20, 125–131.

Wang J, Ji H, Wang S, Liu H, Zhang W, Zhang D, Wang Y. 2018. Probiotic lactobacillus plantarum promotes intestinal barrier function by strengthening the epithelium and modulating gut microbiota. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 1953.

Wang X, Zhang P, Zhang X. 2021. Probiotics regulate gut microbiota: An effective method to improve immunity. Molecules, 26, 6076.

Wu H, Xie S, Miao J, Li Y, Wang Z, Wang M, Yu Q. 2020. Lactobacillus reuteri maintains intestinal epithelial regeneration and repairs damaged intestinal mucosa. Gut Microbes, 11, 997–1014.

Wu Y, Wang L, Luo R, Chen H, Nie C, Niu J, Chen C, Xu Y, Li X, Zhang W. 2021. Effect of a multispecies probiotic mixture on the growth and incidence of diarrhea, immune function, and fecal microbiota of Pre-weaning dairy calves. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 681014.

Wudu T, Kelay B, Mekonnen H M, Tesfu K. 2008. Calf morbidity and mortality in smallholder dairy farms in Ada’a Liben district of Oromia, Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 40, 369–376.

Wullt M, Johansson Hagslätt M L, Odenholt I, Berggren A. 2007. Lactobacillus plantarum 299v enhances the concentrations of fecal short-chain fatty acids in patients with recurrent clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 52, 2082–2086.

Xiao J X, Alugongo G M, Chung R, Dong S Z, Li S L, Yoon I, Wu Z H, Cao Z J. 2016. Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentation products on dairy calves: Ruminal fermentation, gastrointestinal morphology, and microbial community. Journal of Dairy Science, 99, 5401–5412.

Yan F, Polk D B. 2010. Probiotics: Progress toward novel therapies for intestinal diseases. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 26, 95–101.

Yan F, Polk D B. 2011. Probiotics and immune health. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 27, 496–501.

Yang F, Wang A, Zeng X, Hou C, Liu H, Qiao S. 2015. Lactobacillus reuteri I5007 modulates tight junction protein expression in IPEC-J2 cells with LPS stimulation and in newborn piglets under normal conditions. BMC Microbiology, 15, 32.

Younis E E, Ahmed A M, El-Khodery S A, Osman S A, El-Naker Y F. 2009. Molecular screening and risk factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in diarrheic neonatal calves in Egypt. Research in Veterinary Science, 87, 373–379.

Zhan K, Yang T Y, Chen Y, Jiang M C, Zhao G Q. 2020. Propionate enhances the expression of key genes involved in the gluconeogenic pathway in bovine intestinal epithelial cells. Journal of Dairy Science, 103, 5514–5524.

Zhu J, Wang C, Zhang L, Zhu T, Li H, Wang Y, Xue K, Qi M, Peng Q, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen X, Chen J, Chen H, Guo A. 2022. Isolation of BVDV-1a, 1m, and 1v strains from diarrheal calf in China and identification of its genome sequence and cattle virulence. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 9, 1008107.

Zuo F, Liu G, Jin J. 2022. Editorial: Probiotics-a new tool for restraining infectious pathogens and antibiotic resistance. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, 938282.

van Zyl W F, Deane S M, Dicks L M T. 2020. Molecular insights into probiotic mechanisms of action employed against intestinal pathogenic bacteria. Gut Microbes, 12, 1831339.