Beven K J, Kirkby M J. 1979. A physically based, variable contributing area model of basin hydrology. Hydrological Sciences Bulletin, 24, 43–69.

Carter M R, Gregorich E G. 2006. Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. 2nd ed. Chemical Rubber Company Press, Boca Raton, USA.

Chen H, Li D J, Xiao K C, Wang K L. 2018. Soil microbial processes and resource limitation in karst and non-karst forests. Functional Ecology, 32, 1400–1409.

Chen H, Luo P, Wen L, Yang L Q, Wang K L, Li D J. 2017. Determinants of soil extracellular enzyme activity in a karst region, southwest China. European Journal of Soil Biology, 80, 69–76.

Chen X Q, Li T, Lu D J, Cheng L, Zhou J M, Wang H Y. 2020. Estimation of soil available potassium in Chinese agricultural fields using a modified sodium tetraphenyl boron method. Land Degradation & Development, 31, 1737–1748.

Duan L X, Li Z W, Xie H X, Li Z M, Zhang L, Zhou Q. 2020. Large-scale spatial variability of eight soil chemical properties within paddy fields. Catena, 188, 104350.

Filippelli G M. 2008. The global phosphorus cycle: Past, present, and future. Elements, 4, 89–95.

Gallaher R N, Weldon C O, Boswell F C. 1976. A semiautomated procedure for total nitrogen in plant and soil samples. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 40, 887–889.

Haruna S I. 2021. Spatial and fractal characterization of selected soil nutrients along a catena. Catena, 204, 105443.

Heikkinen R K, Luoto M, Virkkala R, Rainio K. 2004. Effects of habitat cover, landscape structure and spatial variables on the abundance of birds in an agricultural-forest mosaic. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41, 824–835.

Hu P L, Zhang W, Chen H S, Xu L, Xiao J, Luo Y Q, Wang K L. 2022. Lithologic control of microbial-derived carbon in forest soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 167, 108600.

Huang C B, Zeng Y X, Wang L C, Wang S Q. 2020. Responses of soil nutrients to vegetation restoration in China. Regional Environmental Change, 20, 82.

Huo J Y, Liu C J, Yu X X, Chen L H, Zheng W G, Yang Y H, Yin C W. 2021. Direct and indirect effects of rainfall and vegetation coverage on runoff, soil loss, and nutrient loss in a semi-humid climate. Hydrological Processes, 35, e13985.

Jiang Q H, Zhou P, Liao C, Liu Y, Liu F. 2020. Spatial pattern of soil erodibility factor (K) as affected by ecological restoration in a typical degraded watershed of Central China. Science of the Total Environment, 749, 141609.

Jiang Z C, Lian Y Q, Qin X Q. 2014. Rocky desertification in Southwest China: Impacts, causes, and restoration. Earth-Science Reviews, 132, 1–12.

Jobbágy E G, Jackson R B. 2000. The vertical distribution of soil organic carbon and its relation to climate and vegetation. Ecological Applications, 10, 423–436.

Li D J, Wen L, Yang L Q, Luo P, Xiao K C, Chen H, Zhang W, He X Y, Chen H S, Wang K L. 2017. Dynamics of soil organic carbon and nitrogen following agricultural abandonment in a karst region. Journal of Geophysical Research (Biogeosciences), 122, 230–242.

Li Y Q, Ma J W, Xiao C, Li Y J. 2020. Effects of climate factors and soil properties on soil nutrients and elemental stoichiometry across the Huang-Huai-Hai River Basin, China. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 20, 1970–1982.

Liu F, Wu H Y, Zhao Y G, Li D C, Yang J L, Song X D, Shi Z, Zhu A X, Zhang G L. 2022. Mapping high resolution National Soil Information Grids of China. Science Bulletin, 67, 328–340.

Liu S J, Zhang W, Wang K L, Pan F J, Yang S, Shu S Y. 2015. Factors controlling accumulation of soil organic carbon along vegetation succession in a typical karst region in Southwest China. Science of the Total Environment, 521, 52–58.

Liu X, Zhang W, Wu M, Ye Y Y, Wang K L, Li D J. 2019. Changes in soil nitrogen stocks following vegetation restoration in a typical karst catchment. Land Degradation & Development, 30, 60–72.

Luo M Y, Wang T W, Li Z Y, Zhang T Y, Yang J W, Li N, Li Z X. 2021. Spatial distribution characteristics of pedodiversity and its major driving factors in China based on analysis units of different sizes. Catena, 207, 105701.

Maila M P, Randima P, Drønen K, Cloete T E. 2006. Soil microbial communities: Influence of geographic location and hydrocarbon pollutants. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 303–310.

Meng X, Cao J N, Wang X F, Zhang C, Lv J S. 2021. Spatial characteristics of the human factors of soil erosion at the boundary of political divisions: A spatial approach. Catena, 201, 105278.

Osburn E D, Badgley B D, Strahm B D, Aylward F O, Barrett J E. 2021. Emergent properties of microbial communities drive accelerated biogeochemical cycling in disturbed temperate forests. Ecology, 102, e03553.

Schlesinger W H. 2021. Some thoughts on the biogeochemical cycling of potassium in terrestrial ecosystems. Biogeochemistry, 154, 427–432.

Tan Q Q, Chen Y Z, Han W X, Wang G A. 2020. Dynamics of soil metallic nutrients across a 6000-km temperature transect in China. Science of the Total Environment, 744, 140888.

Tang J, Tang X X, Qin Y M, He Q S, Yi Y, Ji Z L. 2019. Karst rocky desertification progress: Soil calcium as a possible driving force. Science of the Total Environment, 649, 1250–1259.

Tang X L, Zhao X, Bai Y F. 2018. Carbon pools in China’s terrestrial ecosystems: New estimates based on an intensive field survey. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 4021–4026.

Wang J M, Ouyang J M, Zhang M. 2020. Spatial distribution characteristics of soil and vegetation in a reclaimed area in an opencast coalmine. Catena, 195, 104773.

Wang L L, Zhang G H, Zhu P Z, Wang Z G. 2023. Correlations of C, N, P contents and their stoichiometry between plant and soil on steep gully slopes. Ecological Indicators, 154, 110545.

Wang M M, Chen H S, Zhang W, Wang K L. 2018. Soil nutrients and stoichiometric ratios as affected by land use and lithology at county scale in a karst area, southwest China. Science of the Total Environment, 619, 1299–1307.

Wang M M, Chen H S, Zhang W, Wang K L. 2019. Influencing factors on soil nutrients at different scales in a karst area. Catena, 175, 411–420.

Wang M R, Liu H J, Lennartz B. 2021. Small-scale spatial variability of hydro-physical properties of natural and degraded peat soils. Geoderma, 399, 115123.

Wang R Z, Yang J J, Liu H Y. 2021. Nitrogen enrichment buffers phosphorus limitation by mobilizing mineral-bound soil phosphorus in grasslands. Ecology, 103, e3616.

Wang X Y, Li Y Q, Duan Y L, Wang L L, Niu Y Y, Li X H, Yan M. 2021. Spatial variability of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen in desert steppes of China’s Hexi Corridor. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 9, 761313.

Wen D, He N P. 2016. Forest carbon storage along the north-south transect of eastern China: Spatial patterns, allocation, and influencing factors. Ecological Indicators, 61, 960–967.

WRB (World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014). 2015. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports, 106, 151–156.

Xie W P, Yang J S, Yao R J, Wang X P. 2021. Spatial and temporal variability of soil salinity in the Yangtze River Estuary using electromagnetic induction. Remote Sensing, 13, 1875.

Yang X, Shao M A, Li T C, Zhang Q Y, Gan M, Chen M Y, Bai X. 2021. Distribution of soil nutrients under typical artificial vegetation in the desert-loess transition zone. Catena, 200, 105165.

Zhang C H, Qi X K, Wang K L, Zhang M Y, Yue Y M. 2017. The application of geospatial techniques in monitoring karst vegetation recovery in southwest China: A review. Progress in Physical Geography, 41, 450–477.

Zhang J, Wang X J, Wang J P. 2014. Impact of land use change on profile distributions of soil organic carbon fractions in the Yanqi Basin. Catena, 115, 79–84.

Zhang M Y, Wang K L, Liu H Y, Zhang C H, Wang J, Yue Y M, Qi X K. 2015. How ecological restoration alters ecosystem services: An analysis of vegetation carbon sequestration in the karst area of Northwest Guangxi, China. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74, 5307–5317.

Zhou Y, Xue J, Chen S C, Zhou Y, Liang Z Z, Wang N, Shi Z. 2020. Fine-resolution mapping of soil total nitrogen across China based on weighted model averaging. Remote Sensing, 12, 85.

Zhu J, Wu A C, Zhou G Y. 2021. Spatial distribution patterns of soil total phosphorus influenced by climatic factors in China’s forest ecosystems. Scientific Reports, 11, 5357.