Akhtar K, Wang W, Ren G, Khan A, Wang H. 2020. Straw mulching with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer reduces soil CO2 and N2O emissions and improves wheat yield. Science of the Total Environment, 741, 140488.

Bao S D. 2000. Soil Agricultural Chemistry Analysis. Agriculture Press, Beijing, China. (in Chinese)

Cui Y F, Shi H R, Guo A N, Sun G C, Wang G Y, Wang J, Huang W J, Lu T G. 2021. Effects of straw and biochar returned to the soil on soil physical properties and pH value in cold rice region. Asian Agricultural Research, 13, 27–32.

Chang F D, Wang X Q, Song J S, Zhang H Y, Ru Y U, Wang J, Liu J, Wang S, Ji H J, Li Y Y. 2023. Maize straw application as an interlayer improves organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations in the soil profile: A four-year experiment in a saline soil. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22, 1870–1882.

Chen L M, Sun S L, Zhou Y Y, Zhang B X, Peng Y T, Zhuo Y C, Ai W K, Gao C F, Wu B, Liu D W, Sun C R. 2023. Straw and straw biochar differently affect fractions of soil organic carbon and microorganisms in farmland soil under different water regimes. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 32, 103412.

Dhaliwal S S, Naresh R K, Gupta R K, Panwar A S, Mahajan N C, Singh R, Mandal A. 2020. Effect of tillage and straw return on carbon footprints, soil organic carbon fractions and soil microbial community in different textured soils under rice–wheat rotation: A review. Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio-technology, 19, 103–115.

Feng Y P, Zhang Y Y, Li S, Wang C, Yin X G, Chu Q Q, Chen F, 2020. Sustainable options for reducing carbon inputs and improving the eco-efficiency of smallholder wheat–maize cropping systems in the Huanghuaihai Farming Region of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 244, 118887.

Gao F, Hu J, Ren B Z, Liu P, Zhao B, Zhang J W, 2020. Improving soil properties and grains yield of winter wheat and summer corn under residue management strategies. Agronomy Journal, 112, 4287–4302.

Gao F, Li B, Ren B Z, Zhao B, Liu P, Zhang J W. 2022a. Achieve simultaneous increase in straw resources efficiency and nitrogen efficiency under crop yield stabilization – A case study of NCP in china for up to 8 years. Field Crops Research, 278, 108431.

Gao H X, Zhang, C C, Van W W, Ning P, Zhang Z, Wan S B, Zhang F S. 2022b. Intercropping modulates the accumulation and translocation of dry matter and nitrogen in maize and peanut. Field Crops Research, 284, 108561.

Gao Y, Feng H, Zhang M, Shao Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Li C. 2023. Straw returning combined with controlled-release nitrogen fertilizer affected organic carbon storage and crop yield by changing humic acid composition and aggregate distribution. Journal of Cleaner Production, 415, 137783.

Guo Z Y, Liu Y, Meng X P, Yang X N, Ma C, Chai H N, Li H, Ding R X, Nazarov K, Zhang X D, Han Q F. 2024. The long-term nitrogen fertilizer management strategy based on straw return can improve the productivity of wheat–maize rotation system and reduce carbon emissions by increasing soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration. Field Crops Research, 317, 109561.

Hao R X, Xu T R, Li Z C, Yang F, Hao Z M, Tan J T, Gao Y Z, Shu Z Y. 2024. Spatial-temporal variation of water vapor scale height and its impact factors in different climate zones of China. Advances in Space Research, 74, 1576–1585.

Li H R, Wang H G, Fang Q, Jia B, Li D X, He J N, Li R Q. 2023. Effects of irrigation and nitrogen application on NO3–-N distribution in soil, nitrogen absorption, utilization and translocation by winter wheat. Agricultural Water Management, 276, 108058.

Li J P, Zhang Z, Yao C S, Liu Y, Wang Z M, Fang B T, Zhang Y H. 2021. Improving winter wheat grain yield and water-/nitrogen-use efficiency by optimizing the micro-sprinkling irrigation amount and nitrogen application rate. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20, 606–621.

Li X, Long A, Ji X, Wang X, Wang Z, Gong X, Zhang W, Qi H, Jiang Y, Sun Z. 2024. Straw return and nitrogen fertilizer application regulate the efficient use of radiation, water, nitrogen and maize productivity in northeast China. Agricultural Water Management, 301, 108973.

Li Y W, Chai Y W, Ma J T, Li R, Cheng H B, Chang L, Chai S X. 2022. Straw strip mulching in a semiarid rainfed agroecosystem achieves carbon sequestration and emission reduction from winter wheat fields. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 334, 107990.

Li Y, Wang Q B. 2020. Potential and technical analysis of nutrient return and utilization of straw resources in China. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 285, 119–126. (in Chinese)

Lin H Y, Zheng J, Zhou M H, Xu P, Lan T, Kuang F H, Li Z Y, Yao Z S, Zhu B. 2025. Crop straw incorporation increases the soil carbon stock by improving the soil aggregate structure without stimulating soil heterotrophic respiration. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 24, 1542–1561.

Liu F Y, Gao M L, Zhang H Z, Yuan H B, Hu B, Zong R, Zhang M M, Ma Y Z, Li Q Q. 2024. Synergistic impact of various straw-return methods and irrigation regimes on winter wheat physiological growth and yield. Field Crops Research, 316, 109516.

Liu P Z, Guo X Y, Zhou D, Zhang Q, Ren X L, Wang R, Wang X L, Chen X L, Li J. 2023. Quantify the effect of manure fertilizer addition and optimal nitrogen input on rainfed wheat yield and nitrogen requirement using nitrogen nutrition index, Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 345, 108319.

Liu W, Liu Y, Liu G, Xie R, Ming B, Yang Y, Guo X, Wang K, Xue J, Wang Y. 2022. Estimation of maize straw production and appropriate straw return rate in China. Agricultural Water Management, 328, 107865.

Ma R, Yu K, Xiao S, Liu S, Ciais P, Zou J. 2021. Data-driven estimates of fertilizer-induced soil NH3, NO and N2O emissions from croplands in China and their climate change impacts. Global Change Biology, 28, 3.

Meng X T, Zhang X C, Li Y N, Jiao Y P, Fan L C, Jiang Y J, Qu C Y, Filimonenko E, Jiang Y H, Tian X H, Shi J L, Kuzyakov Y. 2024. Nitrogen fertilizer builds soil organic carbon under straw return mainly via microbial necromass formation, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 188, 109223.

Moll R H, Kamprath E J, Jackson W A. 1982. Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal, 74, 562–564.

Qi Z W, Zhang H Y, Li N N, Liang G M, Du T Q, Li J H, Xue J F. 2021. Effects of different autumn tillage practices on soil physical quality of maize field on Loess Plateau of China. Soils, 53, 826–832. (in Chinese)

Qian B, Shao C, Yang F. 2024. Spatial suitability evaluation of the conversion and utilization of crop straw resources in China. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 105, 107438.1–107438.13.

Shakoor A, Ashraf F, Shakoor S, Mustafa A, Rehman A, Altaf M M. 2020. Biogeochemical transformation of greenhouse gas emissions from terrestrial to atmospheric environment and potential feedback to climate forcing. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 38513–38536.

Shi J, Wang S, Li S, Tian X. 2022. Increasing soil organic carbon sequestration and yield stability by no-tillage and straw-returning in wheat-maize rotation. Agronomy Journal, 114, 1534–1545.

Song J J, Song J H, Xu W, Gao G X, Bai J Z, Zhang Z H, Yu Q, Hao J Q, Yang G H, Ren G X, Feng Y Z, Wang X. 2024. Straw return with fertilizer improves soil CO2 emissions by mitigating microbial nitrogen limitation during the winter wheat season. Catena, 241, 108050,

Tian J Y, Li S P, Cheng S, Liu Q Y, Zhou L, Tao Y, Xing Z P, Hu Y J, Guo B W, Wei H Y, Zhang H C. 2023. Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheat-straw return. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22, 400–416.

Ventrella D, Castrignano, Stellacci A M, Castrignanò A, Charfeddine M, Castellini M. 2016. Effects of crop residue management on winter durum wheat productivity in a long term experiment in Southern Italy. European Journal of Agronomy, 77, 188–198.

Walkley A J, Black I A. 1934. An examination of the degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29–38.

Wang C, Zhang G, Chen S. 2024. Soil surface roughness of sloping croplands affected by land degradation degree and residual of incorporated straw. Geoderma, 444, 116872.

Wang D, White J R, Delaune R D, Yu Z, Hu Y. 2021. Peripheral freshwater deltaic wetlands are hotspots of methane flux in the coastal zone. Science of the Total Environment, 775, 145784.

Wang X, Qi J Y, Zhang X Z, Li S S, Virk A L, Zhao X, Xiao X P, Zhang H L. 2019. Effects of tillage and residue management on soil aggregates and associated carbon storage in a double paddy cropping system. Soil & Tillage Research, 194, 104339.

Wang Y Q, Bai R, Di H J, Mo L Y, He J Z. 2018. Differentiated mechanisms of biochar mitigating straw-induced greenhouse gas emissions in two contrasting paddy soils. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 2566.

Xie J, Evgenisa B, Zhang Y, Wan Y, Hu Q J, Zhang C M, Wang J, Zhang Y Q, Shi X J. 2022. Substituting nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer with optimal amount of crop straw improves rice grain yield, nutrient use efficiency and soil carbon sequestration. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21, 3345–3355.

Xu N, Tan G, Wang H Y, Gai X P. 2016. Effect of biochar additions to soil on nitrogen leaching, microbial biomass and bacterial community structure. European Journal of Soil Biology, 74, 1–8.

Yin L J, Dai X L, He M R. 2018. Delayed sowing improves nitrogen utilization efficiency in winter wheat without impacting yield. Field Crops Research, 221, 90–97.

Yan S C, Wu Y, Fan J L, Zhang F C, Guo J J, Zheng J, Wu L F. 2022. Optimization of drip irrigation and fertilization regimes to enhance winter wheat grain yield by improving post-anthesis dry matter accumulation and translocation in northwest China. Agricultural Water Management, 271, 107782.

Yang W J, Yu J, Li Y H, Jia B L, Jiang L G, Yuan A J, Ma Y, Huang M, Cao H B, Liu J S, Qiu W H, Wang Z H. 2024. Optimized NPK fertilizer recommendations based on topsoil available nutrient criteria for wheat in drylands of China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 2421–2433.

Yao Z, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhang L, Zhang W, Liu D, Chen X. 2021. Agronomic, environmental, and ecosystem economic benefits of controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers for maize production in Southwest China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 312, 127611.

Yuan L, Liu Y, He H, Zhu T, Chen X, Zhang X, Liang C, Xie H, Zhang J, Müller C, Zhao X, Yan X, Lu C. 2022. Effects of long-term no-tillage and maize straw mulching on gross nitrogen transformations in Mollisols of Northeast China. Geoderma, 428, 116194.

Zhang B, Zhou M, Zhu B, Kemmann B, Pfülb L, Burkart S, Liu H, Butterbach-Bahl K, Well R. 2023. Threshold-like effect of soil NO3− concentrations on denitrification product N2O/(N2O+N2) ratio is mediated by soil pH. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 187, 109213.

Zhang L, Jiang G, Xiao R, Hou K, Liu X, Liu X, Yuan P, Tian F, Yin L, Zhu H, Tian C, Yang L, Yan X, Rong X, Han Y. 2024. An appropriate amount of straw replaced chemical fertilizers returning reduced net greenhouse gas emissions and improved net ecological economic benefits. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 140236.

Zhang W, Liang Z, He X, Wang X, Shi X, Zou C, Chen X. 2019. The effects of controlled release urea on maize productivity and reactive nitrogen losses: A meta-analysis. Environmental Pollution, 246, 559–565.

Zhang X T, Wang J, Feng X Y, Yang H S, Li Y L, Yakov K, Li F M. 2023. Effects of tillage on soil organic carbon and crop yield under straw return. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 354, 108543.

Zhang Y, Liu S, Wang J, Di H J, Han L, Li P, Shen J, Han B, Zhang L. 2024. The effects and mechanisms of deep straw incorporation and denitrifying bacterial agents on mitigating nitrate leaching and N2O emissions in four soil types in the North China Plain. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 336, 108958.

Zhang Z, An J, Han Y, Feng L, Li X, Xiong S, Xing F, Xin M, Li Y, Wang Z. 2021. Advantages of an Orychophragmus violaceus–maize rotation in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and reactive nitrogen losses and increasing net ecosystem economic benefits on the North China Plain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 317, 128426.

Zhao Z X, Li Z Y, Li Y, Yu L Y, Gu X B, Cai H J. 2024. Supplementary irrigation and reduced nitrogen application improve the productivity, water and nitrogen use efficiency of maize–soybean intercropping system in the semi-humid drought-prone region of China. Agricultural Water Management, 305, 109126.

Zhou J, Guillaume T, Wen Y, Blagodatskaya E, Shahbaz M, Zeng Z H, Peixoto L, Zang H D, Kuzyakov Y. 2022. Frequent carbon input primes decomposition of decadal soil organic matter. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 175, 10885.