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Journal of Integrative Agriculture
Journal of Integrative Agriculture  2025, Vol. 24 Issue (12): 4573-4587    DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.03.078
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Optimizing sowing dates increase solar radiation to mitigate maize lodging and yield variability: A five-year field study

Xinglong Wang1*, Fan Liu1*, Nan Zhao2, Xia Du1, Pijiang Yin1, Tongliang Li1, Tianqiong Lan1, Dongju Feng1, Fanlei Kong1#, Jichao Yuan1#

1 College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China

2 Weinan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Weinan 714000, China

 Highlights  
● Maize yield was affected by the lodging, increasing every 1% lodging rate decreased the maize yield by 58.05 kg ha–1.
● Solar radiation explained 34.7% of the variation in lodging rate in emergence to silking (E–R1).
● Optimal sowing dates (SDs) for high and stable yield occurred from late March to mid-April.
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摘要  
优化播期（SDs）是调整玉米生产以适应气候变化和提高产量的潜在策略。然而，目前关于倒伏、产量与气候因子变化相关的研究鲜见报道。因此，本研究旨在探讨不同播期下玉米生长季重要气候变量的变化规律和分布，及其对产量和倒伏的影响，以及玉米生长期影响倒伏的关键气候因素。本研究通过为期5年（2015年、2016年、2019年、2020年、2021年）的大田试验，评估不同播期条件下气候因子对四川盆地产量和倒伏的影响。结果表明，延迟播期倒伏率对玉米产量变异系数（3.31~10.50%）有显著影响。倒伏率每增加1%，产量降低58.05 kg hm-1。拖迟播期降低了苗期至吐丝期的太阳辐射（Sr），太阳辐射变化解释了34.7%的倒伏率变异。历史气象资料分析表明，1990-2021年太阳辐射年际变化幅度为-8.7763 MJ m-2 yr-1，其中5月下旬至7月上旬的降低幅度尤为明显。VPA分析表明，出苗期到生理成熟期和苗期至吐丝期的气候变量对不同SDs下产量的贡献率分别为43.9%和53.2%，对倒伏率的贡献率分别为56.0和45.4%。RF分析表明，SDs的变化主要影响基部节间形态的建成从而增加倒伏率的发生，并解释了69.79%的倒伏变异。本研究阐明获得高产和稳产的最佳播种日期为3月下旬至4月中旬，这归因于苗期至吐丝期较高的太阳辐射。综上所述，研究结果不仅为了解气候变化对玉米茎秆倒伏的影响提供重要见解，还为调整播期缓解玉米倒伏提供栽培理论依据。


Abstract  

Optimizing sowing dates (SDs) represents a viable strategy for adapting maize production to climate change and enhancing yield.  However, research remains limited regarding the integrated effects of lodging and yield in relation to climatic variables across different SDs.  This study examines the patterns and distribution of key climatic variables during maize growth seasons, their influence on yield and lodging, and the critical factors affecting lodging at crucial growth stages under various SD scenarios.  The research evaluated climate change impacts on yield and lodging through field experiments spanning 5 years (2015, 2016, 2019–2021), incorporating 25 SDs in the Sichuan Basin, China.  Results indicated that lodging rate significantly affected the coefficient of variation (CV, 3.31–10.50%) of maize yield.  Each 1% increase in lodging rate resulted in a yield reduction of 58.05 kg ha–1.  SD modifications notably influenced solar radiation (Sr) from emergence to silking (E–R1).  The study determined that Sr accounted for 34.7% of lodging rate variation in E–R1.  Analysis of historical meteorological data revealed significant inter-annual Sr variations, showing a decline of –8.7763 MJ m–2 yr–1 from 1990 to 2021, particularly evident from late May to early July.  Variation partitioning analysis (VPA) demonstrated that climatic variables during emergence to physiological maturity (E–R6) and E–R1 explained 43.9 and 53.2% of yield variation across SDs, respectively, while contributing 56.0 and 45.4% to lodging.  Random forest (RF) analysis established that SD changes primarily influenced lodging rates through modifications in basal internode morphology, explaining 69.79% of the variation.  The research identified optimal sowing dates between late March and mid-April for achieving consistent high yields, attributed to increased Sr during E-R1.  This study provides critical insights into climate change effects on stalk lodging and offers practical guidance for SD adjustment to reduce maize lodging rates.

Keywords:  sowing date       climatic variables        stalk lodging        maize yield  
Received: 28 December 2023   Accepted: 28 February 2024 Online: 25 April 2024  
Fund: This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD190160304), the Key Program of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province, China (2022NSFSC0013), the Sichuan Maize Innovation Team Construction Project, China (SCCXTD-2023-02), and the National Science and Technology Support Projects, China (2015BAC05B05).
About author:  Xinglong Wang, E-mail: wangxl@sicau.edu.cn; Fan Liu, E-mail: 2020201024@stu.sicau.edu.cn; #Correspondence Jichao Yuan, Tel: +86-13980074156, E-mail: yuanjichao@sicau.edu.cn; Fanlei Kong, Tel:+86-18628222445, E-mail: kflstar@163.com * These authors contributed equally to this study.
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Xinglong Wang, Fan Liu, Nan Zhao, Xia Du, Pijiang Yin, Tongliang Li, Tianqiong Lan, Dongju Feng, Fanlei Kong, Jichao Yuan. 2025. Optimizing sowing dates increase solar radiation to mitigate maize lodging and yield variability: A five-year field study. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 24(12): 4573-4587.

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