Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 subtype avian influenza viruses circulating in wild birds continue to spread into domestic waterfowl in China

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.09.015

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Congcong Wang^1*, Yan Wang^1*, Xuyong Li^2*, Jianzhong Shi¹, Yuan Chen¹, Chuncheng Zhu¹, Jiahao Miao¹, Peng Chen¹, Xianying Zeng¹, Guobin Tian¹, Pengfei Cui^1#, Guohua Deng^1,3#

¹State Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China

²College of Agriculture and Biology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China

³National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China

Highlights

l Thirty clade 2.3.4.4b H5 viruses, including 25 H5N1 and 5 H5N6 strains, were isolated from wild birds and domestic waterfowl in China between April 2022 and July 2024.

l Five novel H5N1 and three novel H5N6 genotypes were identified, revealing the rapid genetic evolution of circulating H5 viruses.

l These H5 viruses exhibit diverse pathogenicity in mice, but they are all highly antigenically matched with the H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used in China.

l Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 subtype avian influenza viruses circulating in wild birds continue to spread into domestic waterfowl in China, underscoring the necessity of sustained surveillance.

Abstract
References

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摘要

自2020年以来，2.3.4.4b分支H5亚型高致病性禽流感病毒在全球范围内广泛传播，并在野鸟和家禽中持续流行。本团队前期研究发现，2.3.4.4b分支H5N1亚型禽流感病毒于2020年10月在荷兰首次出现后快速进化，至2022年3月已在全球形成了16种不同的基因型，其中4种基因型毒株在我国野鸟和家禽中被检出。为持续监测2.3.4.4b分支H5亚型禽流感病毒在我国的流行传播规律与遗传进化特征，本研究于2022年4月至2024年7月在野鸟栖息地、家禽养殖场和屠宰场开展系统性禽流感病原学监测，累计采集60286份病原学样品，成功分离获得30株H5亚型禽流感病毒，包括25株H5N1亚型病毒和5株H5N6亚型病毒；其中19株H5病毒分离自野鸟，11株H5病毒分离自鸭和鹅等家养水禽，鸡群样品中未分离到H5病毒。遗传演化分析结果显示：30株H5病毒均属于2.3.4.4b分支，其中25株H5N1病毒形成了7种基因型，5株H5N6病毒形成了3种基因型，仅2种H5N1基因型为既往报道基因型，其余基因型均为本研究鉴定的新基因型。动物试验结果表明，本研究分离的2.3.4.4b分支H5病毒对小鼠的致病性差异显著，部分毒株对小鼠呈现高致死性；但抗原分析结果表明所有分离株与我国现行使用的H5‑Re14 疫苗株抗原匹配度良好。综上，本研究系统揭示了2022—2024年我国2.3.4.4b分支H5亚型禽流感病毒的流行和遗传演化特征，发现2.3.4.4b分支H5亚型禽流感病毒在野鸟中持续存在，并不断跨宿主溢出感染家养水禽，同时病毒在传播过程中频繁发生基因重配，形成多种新的基因型。因此，持续追踪2.3.4.4b分支H5病毒的遗传进化动态，对制定科学有据的疫病防控策略具有重要指导意义。

Abstract

The clade 2.3.4.4b H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus has triggered an unprecedented global panzootic since 2020. We previously reported that the clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses rapidly formed 16 different genotypes since it emerged in 2020 and four of them were detected in wild birds and domestic poultry in China before March 2022. To monitor the circulation and evolution of these viruses, we collected 60,286 samples from wild bird habitats, domestic poultry farms, and poultry slaughterhouses in China from April 2022 to July 2024, and isolated 30 clade 2.3.4.4b H5 influenza viruses (25 H5N1 and five H5N6), 19 of which were isolated from wild bird samples and 11 were isolated from domestic ducks and geese. Detailed analysis revealed that the 25 H5N1 viruses and the five H5N6 viruses formed seven and three genotypes, respectively, and only two genotypes of H5N1 viruses were previously detected and all other genotypes were newly identified in this study. These H5 viruses exhibited different pathogenicity in mice, ranging from non-lethal to highly lethal, but antigenically they were all well-matched with the H5-Re14 vaccine strain currently used in China. Our findings indicate that the clade 2.3.4.4b H5 viruses remain endemic in wild bird populations and repeatedly spill over into domestic waterfowl. Consequently, sustained monitoring of the evolutionary dynamics of clade 2.3.4.4b H5 viruses is essential to inform evidence-based prevention and control strategies.

Keywords: Avian influenza virus H5 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b evolution pathogenicity antigenicity

Online: 07 September 2026

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Fund:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number U23A20243), Prevention and Control of Emerging and Major Infectious Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project of China (grant number 2025ZD01903201), Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-CSLPDCP-202301), Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (grant number 1610302026022), and earmarked fund for CARS-41.

About author: #Correspondence Guohua Deng, E-mail: dengguohua01@caas.cn; Pengfei Cui, E-mail: cuipengfei@caas.cn * indicates the authors who contributed equally to this study

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Congcong Wang, Yan Wang, Xuyong Li, Jianzhong Shi, Yuan Chen, Chuncheng Zhu, Jiahao Miao, Peng Chen, Xianying Zeng, Guobin Tian, Pengfei Cui, Guohua Deng. 2026. Clade 2.3.4.4b H5 subtype avian influenza viruses circulating in wild birds continue to spread into domestic waterfowl in China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2026.09.015

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