Abramson J, Adler J, Dunger J, Evans R, Green T, Pritzel A, Ronneberger O, Willmore L, Ballard A J, Bambrick J, Bodenstein S W, Evans D A, Hung C C, O'Neill M, Reiman D, Tunyasuvunakool K, Wu Z, Žemgulytė A, Arvaniti E, Beattie C, et al. 2024. Accurate structure prediction of biomolecular interactions with AlphaFold 3. Nature, 630, 493–500.

Aghajanyan A E, Hambardzumyan A A, Minasyan E, Tsaturyan A H, Paloyan A M, Avetisyan S, Hovsepyan A S, Saghyan A S. 2022. Development of the technology for producing water-soluble melanin from waste of vinary production and the study of its physicochemical properties. European Food Research and Technology, 248, 485–495.

Allen G C, Flores-Vergara M A, Krasnyanski S, Kumar S, Thompson W F. 2006. A modified protocol for rapid DNA isolation from plant tissues using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Nature Protocols, 1, 2320–2325.

Biasini M, Bienert S, Waterhouse A, Arnold K, Studer G, Schmidt T, Kiefer F, Cassarino T G, Bertoni M, Bordoli L, Schwede T. 2014. SWISS-MODEL: Modelling protein tertiary and quaternary structure using evolutionary information. Nucleic Acids Research, 42, W252–W258.

Borner A, Schumann E, Furste A, Coster H, Leithold B, Roder S, Weber E. 2002. Mapping of quantitative trait loci determining agronomic important characters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 105, 921–936.

Chen Y M, Song W J, Xie X M, Wang Z H, Guan P F, Peng H R, Jiao Y N, Ni Z F, Sun Q X, Guo W L. 2020. A Collinearity-Incorporating homology inference strategy for connecting emerging assemblies in the Triticeae Tribe as a pilot practice in the plant pangenomic era. Molecular Plant, 13, 1694–1708.

Efremova T T, Maystrenko O I, Arbuzova V S, Laikova L I. 1998. Genetic analysis of glume colour in common wheat cultivars from the former USSR. Euphytica, 102, 211–218.

Elbaum R, Zaltzman L, Burgert I, Fratzl P. 2007. The role of wheat awns in the seed dispersal unit. Science, 316, 884–886.

Fukuda A, Shimizu H, Shiratsuchi H, Yamaguchi H, Ohdaira Y, Mochida H. 2015. Complementary genes that cause black ripening hulls in F₁ plants of crosses between indica and japonica rice cultivars. Plant Production Science, 15, 270–273.

Gadaleta A, Giancaspro A, Giove S L, Zacheo S, Mangini G, Simeone R, Signorile A, Blanco A. 2009. Genetic and physical mapping of new EST-derived SSRs on the A and B genome chromosomes of wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 118, 1015–1025.

Glagoleva A Y, Shoeva O Y, Khlestkina E K. 2020. Melanin pigment in plants: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11, 770.

Glagoleva A Y, Vikhorev A V, Shmakov N A, Morozov S V, Chernyak E I, Vasiliev G V, Shatskaya N V, Khlestkina E K, Shoeva O Y. 2022. Features of activity of the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway in melanin-accumulating barley grains. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 923717.

Gracheva N V, Zheltobryukhov V F. 2019. Sorption properties of sunflower husk melanins. Pharmaceutical Chemistry Journal, 53, 337–341.

Grundbacher F J. 1963. The physiological function of the cereal awn. Botanical Review, 29, 366–381.

Hailu F, Johansson E, Merker A. 2010. Patterns of phenotypic diversity for phenologic and qualitative traits in Ethiopian tetraploid wheat germplasm. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 57, 781–790.

Hua L, Song R, Hao X H, Zhang J, Liu Y N, Luo J, Ren X P, Li H N, Wang G P, Rehman S U, Wu J J, Fu D L, Dong Y X, Wang X D, Zhang C Z, Chen S S. 2025. Manipulation of the brown glume and internode 1 gene leads to alterations in the colouration of lignified tissues, lignin content and pathogen resistance in wheat. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 23, 1548–1564.

Jain S K, Qualset C O, Bhatt G M, Wu K K. 1975. Geographical patterns of phenotypic diversity in a world collection of durum wheats. Crop Science, 15, 700–704.

Ji T, Ge P, Zhang S, Wan C J, Liu H L, Qu X Z, Zhu F, Gong Q G, Xu W Y, Wang C, Wang Y C, Huang C D. 2025. Remote on-off switching of protein activity by intrinsically disordered region. Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, 32, 2088–2098.

Khlestkina E K, Pshenichnikova T A, Roder M S, Salina E A, Arbuzova V S, Borner A. 2006. Comparative mapping of genes for glume colouration and pubescence in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 113, 801–807.

Kosambi D D. 1943. The estimation of map distances from recombination values. Annals of Eugenics, 12, 172–175.

Koval S, Metakovsky E, Kudryavtsev A, Sozinov A. 1986. On linkage of allele families of gliadin-coding loci to genes for hairy glume and glume colour in wheat. Sel'skokhozyaistvennaya Biologiya, 2, 31–35.

Koval S F. 1994. Genetic-analysis of isogenic lines of spring wheat variety novosibirskaya-67.1. localization of the gene determining the brown color of the glume in chromosome 1D. Genetika, 30, 570–571.

van der Lee R, Buljan M, Lang B, Weatheritt R J, Daughdrill G W, Dunker A K, Fuxreiter M, Gough J, Gsponer J, Jones D T, Kim P M, Kriwacki R W, Oldfield C J, Pappu R V, Tompa P, Uversky V N, Wright P E, Babu M M. 2014. Classification of intrinsically disordered regions and proteins. Chemical Reviews, 114, 6589–6631.

Li B, Jia Y, Xu L, Zhang S, Long Z K, Wang R, Guo Y, Zhang W Y, Jiao C H, Li C D, Xu Y H. 2024. Transcriptional convergence after repeated duplication of an amino acid transporter gene leads to the independent emergence of the black husk/pericarp trait in barley and rice. Plant Biotechnology Journal, 22, 1282–1298.

Li L, Shi F, Li J L, Huang Q L, Xu C, Yang L Q, Yang Q H, Shaikh F, Ye M. 2017. Immunoregulatory effect assessment of a novel melanin and its carboxymethyl derivative. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 27, 1831–1834.

Li X F, Bin D, Wang H G. 2010. Awn anatomy of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and its relatives. Caryologia, 63, 391–397.

Liu B, Zhang D, Sun M, Li M L, Ma X Q, Jia S G, Mao P S. 2021. PSII activity was inhibited at flowering stage with developing black bracts of oat. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22, 5258.

Livak K J, Schmittgen T D. 2001. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods, 25, 402–408.

Lopusiewicz L, Macieja S, Sliwinski M, Bartkowiak A, Roy S, Sobolewski P. 2022. Alginate biofunctional films modified with melanin from watermelon seeds and zinc oxide/silver nanoparticles. Materials, 15, 2381.

Maekawa M. 1984. Geographical distribution of the genes for black hull coloration. Rice Genetics Newsletter, 1, 104–105.

Mosjidis J A. 1982. Inheritance of color in the pericarp and corolla of the disk florets in sunflower. Journal of Heredity, 73, 461–464.

Niu J Q, Zheng S S, Shi X L, Si Y Q, Tian S Q, He Y L, Ling H Q. 2020. Fine mapping and characterization of the awn inhibitor B1 locus in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Crop Journal, 8, 613–622.

Pan X L, Pan Q Y, Shi Y H, Yao M P. 1999. Genetic basis of wheat morphological traits revealed by frequency conversion analysis. Journal of Triticeae Crops, 3, 6–10. (in Chinese)

Panin V, Netsvetaev V. 1986. Genetic control of gliadins and some morphological characters of spike in durum winter wheats. Nauchno-Tekhnicheskii Bull. VSG I. Odessa (Nauchno-Tekhnicheskii Bull. VSG I. Odessa), 2, 31–36.

Panzella L, Eidenberger T, Napolitano A, d'Ischia M. 2012. Black sesame pigment: DPPH assay-guided purification, antioxidant/antinitrosating properties, and identification of a degradative structural marker. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60, 8895–8901.

Pshenichnikova T A, Bokarev I E, Shchukina L V. 2005. Hybrid and monosomic analyses of smoky coloration of the ear in common wheat. Russian Journal of Genetics, 41, 941–943.

Qi Y W, Liu J, Liu Y F, Yan D, Wu H X, Li R, Jiang Z T, Yang Y, Ren X L. 2020. Polyphenol oxidase plays a critical role in melanin formation in the fruit skin of persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv. 'Heishi'). Food Chemistry, 330, 127253.

Ruff K M, Pappu R V. 2021. AlphaFold and implications for intrinsically disordered proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology, 433, 167208.

Ruiz M, Metakovsky E V, Rodriguez-Quijano M, Vazquez J F, Carrillo J M. 2002. Assessment of storage protein variation in relation to some morphological characters in a sample of Spanish landraces of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ssp aestivum). Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 49, 371–382.

Shoeva O Y, Mursalimov S R, Gracheva N, Glagoleva A Y, Börner A, Khlestkina E K. 2020. Melanin formation in barley grain occurs within plastids of pericarp and husk cells. Scientific Reports, 10, 179.

Sorensen A E 1986. Seed dispersal by adhesion. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 17, 443–463.

Wang H Y, Wang X, Chen P D, Liu D J. 2007. Assessment of genetic diversity of Yunnan, Tibetan, and Xinjiang wheat using SSR markers. Journal of Genetics and Genomics, 34, 623-633.

Wang L F, Rhim J W. 2019. Isolation and characterization of melanin from black garlic and sepia ink. Lwt-Food Science and Technology, 99, 17–23.

Wang Z Y, Yang Q H, Zhang D, Lu Y Y, Wang Y C, Pan Y J, Qiu Y P, Men Y F, Yan W, Xiao Z N, Sun R X, Li W Y, Huang H D, Guo H W. 2024. A cytoplasmic osmosensing mechanism mediated by molecular crowding-sensitive DCP5. Science, 386, 510–523.

Wright P E, Dyson H J. 2015. Intrinsically disordered proteins in cellular signalling and regulation. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 16, 18–29.

Xu C, Chen T T, Li J L, Jin M Z, Ye M. 2020. The structural analysis and its hepatoprotective activity of melanin isolated from Lachnum sp. Process Biochemistry, 90, 249–256.

Yang X T, Tang C H, Zhao Q Y, Jia Y X, Qin Y C, Zhang J M. 2023. Melanin: A promising source of functional food ingredient. Journal of Functional Foods, 105, 105574.

Yao Z Y, Qi J H, Wang L H. 2012. Isolation, fractionation and characterization of melanin-like pigments from chestnut (Castanea mollissima) shells. Journal of Food Science, 77, C671–C676.

Yu Y C, Tang T, Qian Q, Wang Y H, Yan M X, Zeng D L, Han B, Wu C I, Shi S H, Li J Y. 2008. Independent losses of function in a polyphenol oxidase in rice: Differentiation in grain discoloration between subspecies and the role of positive selection under domestication. Plant Cell, 20, 2946–2959.

Zhang C L, Zhang P, Zhang X S, Wang Q C, Liu J N, Li L, Cheng S H, Qin P. 2023. Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analyses reveal amino acid biosynthesis mechanisms during the physiological maturity of grains in yunnan hulled wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. yunnanense King). International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24, 13475.

Zhou L N, Zhu C, Fang X J, Liu H Q, Zhong S Y, Li Y, Liu J C, Song Y, Jian X, Lin Z W. 2021. Gene duplication drove the loss of awn in sorghum. Molecular Plant, 14, 1831–1845.

Zhu B F, Si L Z, Wang Z X, Zhou Y, Zhu J J, Shangguan Y Y, Lu D F, Fan D L, Li C Y, Lin H X, Qian Q A, Sang T, Zhou B, Minobe Y Z, Han B. 2011. Genetic control of a transition from black to straw-white seed hull in rice domestication. Plant Physiology, 155, 1301–1311.