Current status of African swine fever vaccine research and thoughts

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.10.019

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Jiarong Yu^*, Shengbin Gao^*, Jiao Xu, Yonggang Zhao, Linlin Fang, Xiaozhen Wang, Yingli Wang, Jingyue Bao^#, Zhiliang Wang^#

China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China

Highlights

1. African swine fever vaccine development employs multiple strategies, including live-attenuated, subunit, and other vaccine platforms. While progress has been made, key challenges remain, such as the risk of reversion to virulence in live-attenuated vaccines, suboptimal protective efficacy, and insufficient cross-protection.

2. Safety evaluation of live-attenuated vaccines is critical, particularly regarding the risk of reversion to virulence. Although some candidate strains have demonstrated promising efficacy in preclinical studies, their long-term safety and protective effectiveness in large-scale clinical trials warrant further validation.

Abstract
References

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摘要

非洲猪瘟是一种对家猪和野猪具有高度传染性和致死性的疾病，世界动物卫生组织（WOAH）规定该病为必须报告的疾病。目前非洲猪瘟的防控主要基于早期发现和严格扑杀，而非洲猪瘟在新的国家或已经受影响的国家地区迅速传播，表明该病尚未有有效措施进行防控。目前，全球正在采用多种方法开发针对非洲猪瘟的疫苗。在此，我们重点讨论了过去十年非洲猪瘟疫苗取得的进展，包括弱毒疫苗、亚单位/活载体疫苗等的问题和前景。深入了解病毒的遗传变异和致病机制，知晓疫苗免疫保护的利或弊，将有助于未来新型疫苗的开发。

Abstract

African swine fever (ASF) represents a highly contagious and fatal condition affecting both domestic and wild pigs, necessitating mandatory reporting status as designated by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). Currently, the primary strategy for preventing and controlling ASF revolves around early detection and stringent culling practices. However, the swift dissemination of ASF in both newly affected and previously impacted countries and regions underscores the absence of efficient measures to effectively curb the disease. To address this threat, a diverse array of methodologies is being employed globally in the pursuit of developing vaccines to combat ASF. In this context, we delve into the advancements achieved in ASF vaccine research over the past decade, encompassing the challenges and prospects associated with attenuated vaccines, subunit/live vector vaccines, and more. A profound comprehension of the virus's genetic diversity, pathogenic mechanisms, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of vaccine-induced immune protection, will pave the way for the development of novel vaccines in the future.

Keywords: African swine fever vaccine assessment attenuated vaccine subunit vaccine

Online: 01 November 2025

Fund:

This work was supported by the Research and Development of Technology for Blocking, Prevention and Control of Major Exotic Animal Diseases (2022YFD1800500) and Epidemiological investigation on the transmission routes of African swine fever virus in domestic pigs and wild boars in Guizhou Province and the establishment and preliminary application of the MCDA-LFB detection method (20201Y037).

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Jiarong Yu, Shengbin Gao, Jiao Xu, Yonggang Zhao, Linlin Fang, Xiaozhen Wang, Yingli Wang, Jingyue Bao, Zhiliang Wang. 2025. Current status of African swine fever vaccine research and thoughts. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.10.019

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