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Journal of Integrative Agriculture
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Trade-offs between productivity, economic benefits, and environmental sustainability of vegetable-rice rotation system in the tropics
Yongkang Wen1, 2, 3, Wei Yao2, Butao Tian2, Qi Liu1, 2, 3, Yadong Yang2, 3, Zhaohai Zeng2, 3, Kazem Zamanian4, Lei Yang7, Zhiqiang Qi1, 6#, Paulo Sérgio Pavinato5, Huadong Zang2, 3

1 Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China 

2 State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China 

3 Sanya Institute of China Agricultural University, Sanya 572025 China 

4 Institute of Earth System Sciences, Section Soil Science, Leibniz University of Hannover, 30429 Hannover, Germany

5 Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil

6 Field Soil Scientific Research Station in Danzhou of Hainan Province, Danzhou 571737, China

7 Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China

 Highlights 

l Increased cropping intensity improved productivity without economic benefits

l Vegetables rotations increased environmental costs while results economic benefit

l Optimizing fertilization is key to achieving sustainability in rice-vegetable rotation 

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摘要  

复种是一种广泛采用的提高农业生产力的土地经营策略。然而,各种水稻种植制度的环境成本和农业可持续性仍不清楚,特别是在热带地区。本研究中,我们评估了辣椒-水稻-水稻、豇豆-水稻-水稻和苦瓜-水稻-水稻三季轮作和辣椒-单季稻、豇豆-单季稻、苦瓜-单季稻和休闲稻-水稻季轮作的生产力、经济效益和环境可持续性。苦瓜-单季稻和豇豆-单季稻的经济效益分别比苦瓜-水稻-水稻和豇豆-水稻-水稻34.2%4.6%。以单位耕地面积和经济效益为基础的苦瓜-水稻-水稻的环境足迹指数比苦瓜-稻低17.1 ~ 40.7%。同样,与豇豆--水稻轮作模式相比,豇豆-单季稻轮作模式的单位面积环境足迹指数和单位经济产值环境足迹指数分别下降了25.6%21.3%。这些结果表明,降低种植强度可以降低环境成本,提高经济效益。此外,氮和磷足迹是总体环境成本的主要贡献者。同时,优化施肥和合理安排作物生育期是提高轮作系统可持续性和生产力的关键因素。综上所述,热带地区推荐苦瓜-单季稻和豇豆-单季稻轮作,以减少对环境的影响,同时保持高产和经济效益。



Abstract  

Multiple cropping is a widely adopted land management strategy to improve agricultural productivity.  However, the environmental costs and agricultural sustainability of various rice cropping system remains unclear, particularly in tropical regions.  Here, we evaluated the productivity, economic benefits, and environmental sustainability of contrasting rotations including pepper-rice-rice, cowpea-rice-rice, and bitter gourd-rice-rice as triple cropping, and pepper-single rice , cowpea-single rice, bitter gourd-single rice, and fallow-rice-rice as double cropping.  The economic benefits of bitter gourd-single rice, and cowpea-single rice was higher than bitter gourd-rice-rice, and cowpea-rice-rice by 34.2%and 4.6%, respectively.  The environmental footprint indexes of the bitter gourd-rice-rice based on unit farmland area and economic benefit was 17.1-40.7% lower than bitter gourd-single rice. Similarly, the environmental footprint index of per area and per economic of cowpea-single rice decreased compared to cowpea-rice-rice by 25.6 and 21.3%, respectively.  These results indicate that reducing cropping intensity leads to lower environmental costs and higher economic benefits.  In addition, nitrogen and phosphorus footprints were found to be the dominant contributors to the overall environmental costs.  Meanwhile, optimizing fertilization and strategically arranging crop growth period are the key factors in improving the sustainability and productivity of the rotation systems.  In conclusion, bitter gourd-single rice and cowpea-single rice rotations are recommended as optimal cropping systems in tropical regions to reduce environmental impacts while maintaining high yields and economic benefits.

Keywords:  rice-vegetable rotations       crop productivity       economic benefits       planet boundary       environmental footprints  
Online: 21 July 2025  
Fund: 

This research was financially supported by the Hainan Province Science and Technology Special Fund (ZDYF2025SXLH004), Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (320LH041), the Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, China (SYND-2021-02) and the Hainan Special PhD Scientific Research Foundation of Sanya Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, China (HSPHDSRF-2022-05-011). 

About author:  #Correspondence Zhiqiang Qi, E-mail: zhiqiangqi@catas.cn

Cite this article: 

Yongkang Wen, Wei Yao, Butao Tian, Qi Liu, Yadong Yang, Zhaohai Zeng, Kazem Zamanian, Lei Yang, Zhiqiang Qi, Paulo Sérgio Pavinato, Huadong Zang. 2025. Trade-offs between productivity, economic benefits, and environmental sustainability of vegetable-rice rotation system in the tropics. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.07.025

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