Potassium fertilizer management improves rice yield by optimizing the morphological and physiological characteristics of leaves under shading stress

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.05.021

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Tingting Liu¹^*, Fei Deng¹^*^#, Youyun Zhu^1*, Li Wang¹, Chenyan He¹, Rui Liu¹, Yuting Liu¹, Jingwen Yang¹, Qiuping Li¹, Yujie Yuan¹, Xiaofeng Ai¹, Rui Wang¹, Yunchuan Peng¹, Xiurong Hu¹, Hong Cheng¹, Youfeng Tao¹, Wei Zhou¹, Xiaolong Lei², Yong Chen¹, Wanjun Ren^1#

¹State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China/Key Laboratory of Crop Eco-Physiology and Farming System in Southwest China/College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China

²College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China

Highlights

Shading stress reduces rice yield by decreasing leaf photosynthesis.

Potassium fertilization increases LAI and leaf photosynthesis of rice.

Potassium panicle fertilization mitigates the adverse effect of shading on rice yield.

Abstract
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摘要

合理的钾肥运筹可提高作物的产量和抗逆性，然而，弱光胁迫下钾肥运筹对水稻的影响尚不清楚。因此，本研究采用二因素裂区试验评估了不同光照条件下钾肥运筹对水稻叶片形态和生理特性，以及产量的影响。主要结果如下：（1）较自然光对照，弱光胁迫下水稻叶片形态和生理特性与产量的相关性更为密切。弱光胁迫下，水稻可通过提高绿叶数量和叶面积来提高叶面积指数，并显著提高了剑叶叶绿素、K⁺和Na⁺含量，但降低了比叶重和粒叶比，剑叶叶绿素a/b比值和净光合速率，以及蔗糖和淀粉含量，最终导致水稻产量因结实率和千粒重降低而显著降低16.21%-29.71%。（2）与不施钾肥对照相比，钾肥施用显著增加了水稻的绿叶数和叶片面积，使自然光对照和弱光胁迫下的总叶面积指数分别提高15.61%-29.88%和13.46%-22.20%。钾肥施用同时显著提高水稻剑叶叶绿素b、K⁺和K⁺/Na⁺含量，降低弱光胁迫下的叶绿素a/b比值，进而提高剑叶净光合速率及蔗糖和淀粉含量，最终使弱光胁迫水稻产量显著增加5.57%-17.35%。（3）与90 kg hm⁻² K₂O作基肥一次性施用处理相比（K₉_0-0），90 kg hm⁻² K₂O作穗肥一次性施用处理（K_0-₉₀）可显著提高弱光胁迫下水稻的剑叶净光合速率和淀粉含量。此外，除2021年遮荫处理外，K_0-90的产量与基穗均施处理（K_90-90）无显著差异。（4）总体而言，钾肥施用，特别是钾素穗肥的施用，可提高水稻的叶面积指数和光合性能，从而提高弱光胁迫下水稻的产量。

Abstract

Potassium (K) improves the grain yield and stress resistance of crops; however, its effect on rice under shading stress is unclear. In this study, a two-factor split-plot experiment was conducted in Sichuan, China, to evaluate the influence of K management methods on the morphological and physiological characteristics of leaves and grain yield under shading stress. The results showed that leaf morphological and physiological traits had a greater relationship with grain yield under shading stress than under full sunlight. Compared to full sunlight control, shading stress significantly increased the leaf area index (LAI) by improving the green leaf number and leaf area of rice. Shading stress also significantly increased the chlorophyll, K⁺, and Na⁺ contents, but decreased the specific leaf weight, ratios of grain-to-leaf area and chlorophyll a/b, net photosynthetic rate (P_n), and sucrose and starch contents. This resulted in a 16.21–29.71% reduction in grain yield by reducing the seed setting rate and 1,000-grain weight. Compared to the no potassium application control (K_0-0), the green leaf number and leaf area of rice were significantly increased by K fertilizer, resulting in 15.61–29.88% and 13.46–22.20% increases in the total LAI under full sunlight control and shading stress, respectively. K fertilizer significantly improved the chlorophyll b, K⁺, and K⁺/Na⁺ contents, but decreased the chlorophyll a/b ratio under shading stress, thereby enhancing P_n and increasing the sucrose and starch contents of flag leaves. Therefore, K fertilizer significantly increased the grain yield by 5.57–17.35% under shading stress. Compared to 90 kg ha^-¹ of K₂O single use as basal fertilizer (K_90-0), 90 kg ha^-¹ of K₂O single use as panicle fertilizer at panicle initiation stage (K_0-90) significantly increased the P_n and starch content of flag leaves under shading stress. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the grain yields of K_0-90 and 180 kg ha^-¹ of K₂O equal-spilt applicated as basal and panicle fertilizers (K_90-90) in 2021 (except under shading stress) and 2022. Overall, K fertilizer, particularly panicle K, improved the LAI and photosynthetic performance of rice, resulting in an improved rice grain yield under shading stress.

Keywords: grain yield potassium fertilizer management photosynthetic capacity rice shading stress

Online: 19 May 2025

Fund:

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32372217 and U20A2022), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFD2300700), and the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan, China (2025ZNSFSC1001).

About author: #Correspondence Fei Deng, E-mail: ddf273634096@163.com; Wanjun Ren, E-mail: rwjun@126.com *These authors contributed equally to this work.

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Tingting Liu, Fei Deng, Youyun Zhu, Li Wang, Chenyan He, Rui Liu, Yuting Liu, Jingwen Yang, Qiuping Li, Yujie Yuan, Xiaofeng Ai, Rui Wang, Yunchuan Peng, Xiurong Hu, Hong Cheng, Youfeng Tao, Wei Zhou, Xiaolong Lei, Yong Chen, Wanjun Ren. 2025. Potassium fertilizer management improves rice yield by optimizing the morphological and physiological characteristics of leaves under shading stress. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Doi:10.1016/j.jia.2025.05.021

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