Inclusion of peanut in wheat–maize rotation increases wheat yield and net return and improves soil organic carbon pool by optimizing bacterial community

doi:10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.018

Journal of Integrative Agriculture

2023, Vol. 22

Issue (11): 3430-3443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.018

Crop Science

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Inclusion of peanut in wheat–maize rotation increases wheat yield and net return and improves soil organic carbon pool by optimizing bacterial community

ZOU Xiao-xia^1#, HUANG Ming-ming¹, LIU Yan¹, SI Tong¹, ZHANG Xiao-jun¹, YU Xiao-na¹, GUO Feng^2#, WAN Shu-bo^2#

¹ Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Dryland Farming Technology/Shandong Peanut Industry Collaborative Innovation Center/College of Agronomy, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, P.R.China
² Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, P.R.China

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摘要

在获得高产的同时改善土壤质量是农业生产的主要挑战。小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）–玉米（Zea mays L.）轮作（W–M）是黄淮海平原的主要种植模式，对保障中国粮食安全具有重要意义。然而，由于长期、集中、连续栽培，W–M轮作系统土壤质量正在退化。我们推测在W–M轮作系统中引入豆科作物可能是改善土壤质量的有效途径，本研究旨在验证这一假设，并探索小麦–花生（Arachis hypogaea L.）轮作（W–P）和小麦轮作玉米/花生间作（W–M/P）的高效种植系统，以实现黄淮海平原农业的高效生产。研究以传统的W–M轮作为对照，基于3年定位试验，系统研究了作物产量、净收益、土壤微生物和土壤碳库特征。结果表明：与W–M相比，W–P和W–M/P处理显著提高了小麦产量（分别提升382.5–579.0和179.8–513.1 kg ha^–1）和净收益（分别提高58.2和70.4%）；在0 ~20 cm土层，W–M/P和W–M土壤有机碳储量比W–P分别增加了25.46–31.03%和14.47–27.64%；W–M/P改善了土壤活性碳组分，其中，20–40 cm土层的潜在可矿化碳、10–40 cm土层的微生物量碳和10–20 cm土层的可溶性有机碳的敏感指数分别达31.5%、96.5–157.2%和17.8%；细菌群落组成和功能随土壤深度和种植系统的不同而变化，W–M/P和W–M在0–20和20–40 cm土层分别具有相似的细菌群落组成和功能；与W–P相比，W–M的10–20 cm土层和W–M/P的0–20 cm土层具有较高的移动元件（contains mobile elements）和耐胁迫（stress tolerant）功能基因丰度、较低的潜在致病（potentially pathogenic）基因丰度；土壤有机碳和微生物量碳是影响土壤细菌群落的主要因素，其含量与Sphingomonadales和Gemmatimonadales正相关、与Blastocatellales负相关；作物有机物料输入是影响土壤有机碳和微生物群落变化的主要因素，并反馈作用于作物产量。综上，与传统的W–M系统相比，W–M/P系统可提高作物产量、净收益，改善土壤有机碳库，在设计高产种植系统时应考虑植物-土壤-微生物的相互作用。

Abstract

Improving soil quality while achieving higher productivity is the major challenge in the agricultural industry. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–maize (Zea mays L.) (W–M) rotation is the dominant planting pattern in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain and is important for food security in China. However, the soil quality is deteriorating due to the W–M rotation’s long-term, intensive, and continuous cultivation. Introducing legumes into the W–M rotation system may be an effective way to improve soil quality. In this study, we aimed to verify this hypothesis by exploring efficient planting systems (wheat–peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) (W–P) rotation and wheat rotated with maize and peanut intercropping (W–M/P)) to achieve higher agricultural production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. Using traditional W–M rotation as the control, we evaluated crop productivity, net returns, soil microorganisms (SMs), and soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions for three consecutive years. The results indicated that wheat yields were significantly increased under W–P and W–M/P (382.5–579.0 and 179.8–513.1 kg ha⁻¹, respectively) compared with W–M. W–P

and W–M/P provided significantly higher net returns (58.2 and 70.4%, respectively) than W–M. W–M/P and W–M retained the SOC stock more efficiently than W–P, increasing by 25.46–31.03 and 14.47–27.64%, respectively, in the 0–20 cm soil layer. Compared with W–M, W–M/P improved labile carbon fractions; the sensitivity index of potentially mineralizable carbon, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and dissolved organic carbon was 31.5, 96.5–157.2, and 17.8% in 20–40, 10–40, and 10–20 cm soil layers, respectively. The bacterial community composition and bacteria function were altered as per the soil depth and planting pattern. W–M/P and W–M exhibited similar bacterial community composition and function in 0–20 and 20–40 cm soil layers. Compared with W–P, a higher abundance of functional genes, namely, contains mobile elements and stress-tolerant, and a lower abundance of genes, namely, potentially pathogenic, were observed in the 10–20 cm soil layer of W–M and the 0–20 cm soil layer of W–M/P. SOC and MBC were the main factors affecting soil bacterial communities, positively correlated with Sphingomonadales and Gemmatimonadales and negatively correlated with Blastocatellales. Organic input was the main factor affecting SOC and SMs, which exhibited feedback effects on crop productivity. In summary, W–M/P improved productivity, net returns, and SOC pool compared with traditional W–M rotation systems, and it is recommended that plant–soil–microbial interactions be considered while designing high-yield cropping systems.

Keywords: composite planting carbon sequestration labile carbon fraction bacterial community structure bacterial functions

Received: 30 November 2022 Accepted: 20 March 2023

Fund: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42107376) and the earmarked fund for China Agriculture Research System (CARS-13).

About author: #Correspondence ZOU Xiao-xia, Tel: +86-535-58957447, E-mail: xxzou@qau.edu.cn; GUO Feng, Tel: +86-531-66659692, E-mail: guofeng08-08@163.com; WAN Shu-bo, Tel: +86-531-66659692, E-mail: wanshubo2016@163.com

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ZOU Xiao-xia, HUANG Ming-ming, LIU Yan, SI Tong, ZHANG Xiao-jun, YU Xiao-na, GUO Feng, WAN Shu-bo. 2023. Inclusion of peanut in wheat–maize rotation increases wheat yield and net return and improves soil organic carbon pool by optimizing bacterial community. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 22(11): 3430-3443.

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