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| Assessing the concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in China’s main deciduous fruits |
| NIE Ji-yun1, KUANG Li-xue1, LI Zhi-xia1, XU Wei-hua2, WANG Cheng3, CHEN Qiu-sheng4, LI An5, ZHAO Xu-bo6, XIE Han-zhong7, ZHAO Duo-yong3, WU Yong-long1, CHENG Yang1 |
1?Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit??(Xingcheng), Ministry of Agriculture, Xingcheng 125100, P.R.China
2?Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai 265500, P.R.China
3?Institute of Quality Standards & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumchi 830091, P.R.China
4?Institute of Tianjin Agriculture Quality Standard and Testing Technology, Tianjin 300381, P.R.China
5 Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, Beijing 100097, P.R.China
6 College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R.China
7?Zhengzhou Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, P.R.China |
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Abstract To assess levels of contamination and human health risk, we analyzed the concentrations of the heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), and nickel (Ni) in China’s main deciduous fruits - apple, pear, peach, grape, and jujube. The concentration order of the heavy metals was Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd. In 97.5% of the samples, heavy metal concentrations were within the maximum permissible limits. Among the fruits studied, the heavy metal concentrations in jujube and peach proved to be the highest, and those in grape proved to be the lowest. Only 2.2% of the samples were polluted by Ni, only 0.4% of the samples were polluted by Pb, and no samples were polluted by Cd or Cr. Compared with the other fruits, the combined heavy metal pollution was significantly higher (P<0.05) in peach and significantly lower (P<0.05) in grape. For the combined heavy metal pollution, 96.9% of the samples were at safe level, 2.32% at warning level, 0.65% at light level, and 0.13% at moderate level. In the fruits studied, the contribution of heavy metals to the daily intake rates (DIR) followed the order of Ni>Cr>Pb>Cd. The highest DIR came from apple, while the lowest DIR came from grape. For each of the heavy metals, the total DIR from five studied fruits corresponded to no more than 1.1% of the tolerable daily intake, indicating that no significant adverse health effects are expected from the heavy metals and the fruits studied. The target hazard quotients and the total target hazard quotients demonstrated that none of the analyzed heavy metals may pose risk to consumers through the fruits studied. The highest risk was posed by apple, followed in decreasing order by peach and pear, jujube, and grape. We suggest that the main deciduous fruits (apple, pear, peach, grape, and jujube) of China’s main producing areas are safe to eat.
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Received: 10 September 2015
Accepted:
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| Fund: This work was financially supported by the National Program for Quality and Safety Risk Assessment of Agricultural Products of China (GJFP2014002, GJFP2015002, and GJFP2016003), the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS-ASTIP), and the Core Research Budget of the Non-Profit Governmental Research Institution of China (0032014013). |
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Corresponding Authors:
NIE Ji-yun, Tel: +86-429-3598178,
E-mail: jiyunnie@163.com
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Cite this article:
NIE Ji-yun, KUANG Li-xue, LI Zhi-xia, XU Wei-hua, WANG Cheng, CHEN Qiu-sheng, LI An, ZHAO Xu-bo, XIE Han-zhong, ZHAO Duo-yong, WU Yong-long, CHENG Yang.
2016.
Assessing the concentration and potential health risk of heavy metals in China’s main deciduous fruits. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 15(7): 1645-1655.
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