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Genome-Wide Association Study of Heat Tolerance at Seedling Stage in A Wheat Natural Population LI YunLi, DIAO DengChao, LIU YaRui, SUN YuChen, MENG XiangYu, WU ChenFang, WANG Yu, WU JianHui, LI ChunLian, ZENG QingDong, HAN DeJun, ZHENG WeiJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (9): 1663-1683.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.09.001 Abstract （26）   HTML （4）    PDF （9359KB）（18）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Wheat is a cornerstone of global food security, with its production being pivotal in both China and the international community. With global climate change, the threat of high temperature has become increasingly prominent, posing a significant challenge to wheat cultivation. The strategic identification and selection of heat-tolerant germplasm, coupled with the exploration of genes associated with heat resistance, are crucial steps. These efforts are essential for broadening the genetic diversity of heat tolerance in wheat within China, providing prerequisites for breeding heat-tolerant wheat varieties and ultimately contributing to the safeguarding of our nation’s food security in the face of a warming climate. 【Method】 In this study, a natural population of 331 wheat accessions was utilized, and artificial climate chambers were employed to simulate high temperatures conditions. The heat tolerance of wheat seedlings was assessed by monitoring their survival rate under various durations of treatment, using heat resistance grade as the evaluative metric. Meanwhile, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using the 55K SNP chip to identify genetic loci associated with heat tolerance. Expression data from multiple tissues, including roots, leaves under heat stress were analyzed, leading to the selection of genes related to heat tolerance. Subsequently, qPCR validation of candidate genes was performed using the extremely heat-tolerant accession Xinong 889 and the heat-sensitive accession Chinese Spring (CS) as materials. 【Result】 Under high-temperature stress, significant variations in survival rates were observed among different wheat accessions. The extremely heat-tolerant, moderately heat-tolerant, moderately heat-sensitive, and extremely heat-sensitive germplasm accounted for 110, 104, 110, and 7, respectively, representing 33.23%, 31.42%, 33.23%, and 2.12% of the total. Heat-tolerant germplasms, including Xinong 889, Zhengmai 7698, Zhongmai 895, Zhoumai 18, and Fengchan 3, were identified. Through GWAS, a total of 293 SNP loci significantly associated with the 12-hour survival rates (SR) and heat resistance grades (HRG) were detected, with the phenotypic variation explained ranging from 4.40% to 12.46%. Among these, 200 loci were related to the 12-hour survival rates, and 257 were related to the heat resistance grades, with 164 loci identified as the same heat-related loci. Based on significantly associated SNP markers, 313 heat-related genes were predicted. According to gene annotation information and expression data under heat stress, 23 heat tolerance candidates were selected, and after qPCR validation of differentially expressed candidate’s genes, 20 key heat tolerance candidate genes were identified. 【Conclusion】 At the seedling stage, 331 wheat germplasms were identified for heat tolerance. A rapid method was developed for determining the survival rate of wheat seedlings subjected to treatments of varying durations at 45 ℃ to assess their heat tolerance In total, 38 heat-tolerant germplasms and 293 loci significantly associated with seedling heat tolerance were screened. Also, TraesCS1A02G355900, TraesCS1A02G389500, TraesCS5A02G550700, TraesCS5D02G557100, TraesCS6D02G402500 and TraesCS7A02G232500 represented as candidate genes were filtered out. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Effectiveness Evaluation of InDel Molecular Markers Closely Linked to Fiber Strength QTL in Gossypium barbadense LÜ Tao, SUN GuoQing, GUO DongCai, CHEN QuanJia, CAI YongSheng, FAN BiaoXing, QU YanYing, ZHENG Kai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (9): 1684-1701.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.09.002 Abstract （17）   HTML （1）    PDF （8821KB）（9）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The objective of this study is to develop InDel molecular markers for Island cotton, which is characterized by its superior fiber quality, particularly the fiber tensile strength-a key indicator of cotton fiber quality. The study aims to validate these markers using RIL (Recombinant Inbred Line) populations and resource materials, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for breeding new varieties of Island cotton with enhanced fiber quality. 【Method】 Utilizing a previously established population of 213 Pima S-7 and 5917 F5:6 RILs, we conducted QTL (Quantitative Trait Locus) mapping to identify the locus regulating fiber strength in Island cotton, designated qFS-chr17-1. InDel markers were designed based on whole genome sequencing (WGS) data of the parental lines, followed by the identification of polymorphic markers. Preliminary validation of these markers was performed using 40 extreme family materials selected based on phenotypic data. Genotyping was carried out on both the 213 RIL population and the 213 Island cotton resource population, alongside multi-year fiber quality data to assess the markers' effectiveness. 【Result】 The genotyping of the RIL and Island cotton resource populations with the two developed InDel markers indicated a close linkage to fiber strength phenotypic data, with significant differences observed in fiber strength traits among the differentiated materials. The analysis of genotypic combinations revealed an upward trend in fiber strength across four combination types, with materials exhibiting the Hap3 (B/A) and Hap4 (B/B) genotypes demonstrating significantly greater fiber strength than those with Hap1 (A/A) and Hap2 (A/B). Furthermore, the InDel-3L2 marker showed significant correlations with fiber length, fiber uniformity, and spinning consistency index, consistent with the observed phenotypic trends. Analysis of multi-year fiber quality data from two experimental sites revealed environmental variability in fiber quality, while temperature data indicated that the developed molecular markers are minimally influenced by environmental factors. Clustering analysis of fiber quality data from 213 Island cotton resource materials, combined with molecular marker genotyping, identified eight materials exhibiting superior fiber quality. 【Conclusion】 This study successfully developed two InDel molecular markers closely linked to the fiber strength QTL (qFS-chr17-1), which maintain their effectiveness upon combination. The InDel-3L2 marker demonstrates significant correlations with fiber length, fiber uniformity, and spinning consistency index. These markers can efficiently and accurately identify high-strength fiber resources in Island cotton, contributing to the breeding of improved fiber quality. Additionally, eight materials with excellent fiber quality have been identified. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Integrated Multi-Omics Elucidates the Pigmentation Dynamics During Post-Harvest Maturation in Foxtail Millet (Setaria italica) ZHANG YiRu, HAN Xue, YAO XinJie, FENG Jun, WEI AiLi, LI WenChao, ZHANG Bin, HAN YuanHuai, LI HongYing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (9): 1702-1718.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.09.003 Abstract （19）   HTML （1）    PDF （4622KB）（19）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The aim of the study is to investigate the variation characteristics of starch and carotenoid content in grains of the foxtail millet during post-harvest maturation, and to elucidate the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon. The study will expand new insights into carotenoid metabolism in grains, thereby providing theoretical support for the stabilization of millet color, deep processing of millet, and storage. 【Method】 The carotenoid and starch content in grains from ten varieties of foxtail millet were measured after storage for 0, 30, 60, and 90 days, respectively. Changes in starch granules of representative materials during the four storage stages were observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Transcriptome and proteome analyses were conducted to investigate differential genes and proteins related to starch and carotenoid metabolic pathways at different storage stages for the same material. 【Result】 Among the 10 foxtail millet varieties, the carotenoid content in the millet mainly showed an upward trend from 0 to 60 days of post-harvest maturation and began to decline after 90 days, but remained higher than that of 0 days. The starch content showed an upward trend after 30 days of post-harvest maturation and then declined overall. Microscopic observation revealed a gradual increase in carotenoid fluorescence in millet starch granules after 30 days of post-harvest maturation, with a tendency for starch plastids to convert into chromoplasts. Furthermore, the transcriptome and proteome analyses identified 1 344 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 224 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), which were mainly enriched in starch degradation and carotenoid synthesis pathways. A metabolic network regulation was also constructed.【Conclusion】 During of post-harvest maturation of the foxtail millet, there is an increase trend in the carotenoid content and a decrease trend in the starch content of the millet. It is speculated that starch degradation leads to an increase in pyruvate content, which enters the plastid methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway to promote carotenoid synthesis. Towards the end of post-harvest maturation of the foxtail millet, the downstream synthesis of abscisic acid is inhibited, resulting in the accumulation of substances such as beta-carotene and zeaxanthin, which subsequently affect changes in the millet color. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Function of OsDREB1J in Regulating Rice Grain Size WEI Ping, PAN JuZhong, ZHU DePing, SHAO ShengXue, CHEN ShanShan, WEI YaQian, GAO WeiWei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (8): 1463-1478.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.001 Abstract （163）   HTML （23）    PDF （3410KB）（105）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The AP2/ERF (APETALA2/ethylene responsive factor) superfamily is a group of transcription factors that play important regulatory roles in plant growth and development, as well as in response to adverse environmental stressors. The AP2/ERF transcription factors are widely present and have many members in plants. Exploring the function of AP2/ERF family gene on grain size provides important genetic resources for regulating grain shape in rice. 【Method】OsDREB1J gene (LOC_Os08g43200) was cloned by homologous recombination, and its basic characteristics, tissue expression characteristics, and the relative expression patterns under plant hormones were analyzed by bioinformatics and qRT-PCR. The transactivation activity and subcellular localization of OsDREB1J were analyzed by yeast heterologous expression, transient expression of rice protoplasts and tobacco. The overexpression and knockout mutant transgenic rice plants of OsDREB1J were obtained by genetic transformation system, and the grain size phenotypes were analyzed by phenotypic analysis technology. 【Result】Subcellular localization analysis showed that OsDREB1J was localized in the nucleus. Bioinformatics showed that the full-length coding sequence of OsDREB1J was 711 bp, encoding 236 amino acids. OsDREB1J protein had no transmembrane structure, and the molecular weight of 27.47 kDa, the theoretical isoelectric point of 5.54, and had a conserved AP2 domain unique to the AP2/ERF family. The cis-acting elements analysis of OsDREB1J promoter showed that the promoter contained cis-acting elements related to hormone response, light and stresses response. The qRT-PCR analysis showed that OsDREB1J was expressed in different tissues of rice with no tissue specificity, and the relative expression level in panicle was the highest. At the same time, OsDREB1J was induced or reduced by different hormone. Transcriptional activation analysis showed that the full-length of OsDREB1J has no transcriptional activity, but the C-terminal fragment was sufficient for the transactivation ability. Phenotypic analysis showed that the grain length, length-width ratio and thousand grain weight of osdreb1j mutant were significantly higher than those of ZH11, OsDREB1J overexpression transgenic rice plants displayed opposite phenotypes, while changing the expression of OsDREB1J did not affect rice grain width. These results show that OsDREB1J may affect grain size by regulating cell length rather than cell proliferation and cell expansion. 【Conclusion】In conclusion, OsDREB1J may be involved in regulating rice grain size through hormone signaling pathway. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Establishment and Rooting Optimization of Agrobacterium rhizogenes Transformation System in Cotton WANG WeiMeng, WEI YunXiao, TANG YunNi, LIU MiaoMiao, CHEN QuanJia, DENG XiaoJuan, ZHANG Rui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (8): 1479-1493.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.002 Abstract （133）   HTML （12）    PDF （5388KB）（75）       Knowledge map    Save 【Background】 Cotton is one of the most important crops globally. The application of bioengineering technology has greatly improved the efficiency of molecular breeding. However, current cotton genetic transformation faces challenges such as genotype dependency, lengthy timelines, and limited transformation methods.【Objective】This study aims to establish an efficient Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation system for cotton to expand genetic breeding methodologies.【Method】Using the common cotton receptor varieties WC and R18 as primary materials and mRUBY as a reporter gene, the root inducing process mediated by A. rhizogenes was optimized through screening hormone combinations (types and concentrations), analyzing differences in explant types and genotype-specific rooting systems. A stable genetic transformation system was subsequently developed and applied to gene editing.【Result】The addition of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and lovastatin to the root inducing medium (RIM) promoted more efficient root formation compared to NAA alone or combinations of NAA+indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or NAA+Lovastatin+IBA. The optimal concentrations for inducing hairy roots were both 2 mg·L-1 for NAA and lovastatin. Cotyledons were the most effective explants for root induction: WC cotyledons, cotyledon nodes, and hypocotyls exhibited rooting efficiencies of 398%, 72%, and 39%, respectively. Cotyledons required the shortest induction time (7 d), 3 d shorter than cotyledon nodes and 8 d shorter than hypocotyls. Cotyledons were also the optimal explants for R18, their rooting capacity differed. Genotype comparisons revealed that 20 days post-infection (dpi), the rooting efficiencies per cotyledon were 398% (WC), 116% (R18), 199% (NDM8), 103% (XLZ61), 57% (Gb-1), and 0 (Gb-2). Upland cotton varieties (WC, R18, NDM8, and XLZ61) exhibited rooting efficiencies above 100%, while sea island cotton varieties (Gb-1, Gb-2) were below 100%. Notably, Gb-2 began to root at 35 dpi. Receptor varieties of upland cotton generally showed slightly higher rooting efficiency than production varieties. There was a certain difference between the positive rate of genetic transformation and the rooting rate. The positive rates of NDM8, XLZ61, Gb-1 and Gb-2 at 20 dpi were 59.8%, 16.0%, 38.5% and 0, respectively. Using positive roots as explants, non-embryogenic and embryogenic callus induction yielded transgenic mRUBY-expressing plants, establishing a complete genetic transformation system. The intensity of plant coloration correlated positively with mRUBY expression levels. Additionally, cotton plants with edited GhGI genes were successfully obtained.【Conclusion】The study optimized the A. rhizogenes-mediated root induction process in cotton and established a robust genetic transformation system. This system was successfully applied to gene editing, generating transgenic cotton plants expressing mRUBY and edited GhGI genes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Green Revolution of Chinese Grain Hybrid Sorghum CHEN BingRu, TANG YuJie, ZHANG LiXia, ZHOU YuFei, YU Miao, SHI GuiShan, WANG XinDing, LI Yang, GAO ShiJie, LU XiaoChun, WANG Nai, DIAO XianMin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (8): 1494-1507.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.08.003 Abstract （75）   HTML （6）    PDF （2551KB）（52）       Knowledge map    Save Sorghum is the main food crop in arid and semi-arid regions of the world, which is of great significance to food security, marginal land use and dietary structure in arid and semi-arid regions. Since the first generation of grain hybrid sorghum was introduced in China in 1958, in order to adapt to mechanized harvesting and reduce labor costs, the plant height of cultivated hybrid sorghum has experienced the change process of high stalk, middle stalk, middle dwarf and dwarf. the green revolution of Chinese grain hybrid sorghum has been completed in the past two decades. This paper summarizes the reasons, history and current situation of grain sorghum dwarfing breeding in China. It shows the trend of decreasing plant height and increasing yield of sorghum varieties in China in the past 60 years. The important germplasms created in the process of green revolution of grain sorghum in China were listed. Through the analysis of genetic relationship, it was found that the dwarf source of restorer line in China came from Chinese local variety Sanchisan, and the dwarf source was traced back to Tx3197B due to the utilization of foreign germplasm Tx3197 A, Tx3197 B. The cloning, variation sites, dwarfing mechanism of sorghum dwarf genes dw1, dw2 and dw3, which play an important role in the green revolution of sorghum, and the contributions of predecessors in exploring new plant height QTLs were reviewed. The dwarfing mechanism of sorghum was different from that of gibberellin regulation system (GA) in rice and wheat. dw1 reduced plant height by regulating the brassinosteroid system (BR) to shorten the length of internodes. dw2 and dw3 encode KIPK protein kinase and auxin efflux transporter (ABCB1), respectively, which regulate the transport of auxin (IAA) to shorten the length of internodes and reduce plant height. The dwarfing genes of dw1, dw2 and dw3 had multiple effects on maturity, spike length, spike grain weight, leaf area while reducing plant height. The distribution and application of dw1, dw2 and dw3 dwarf genes in backbone sterile lines and restorer lines were analyzed by molecular markers and sequencing techniques. It was found that the dwarf genes used more in sorghum restorer lines in China were only dw3, and the combination of dw1dw3 and dw2dw3 formed by dw1, dw2 and dw3 was more widely used in sterile lines. The problems and solutions of sorghum green revolution in China were discussed. It is expected to provide guidance for further improving the process of sorghum green revolution in China and cultivating new germplasm and new varieties with major breakthroughs in yield and stress resistance. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Influence of Expressing OsNRAMP5 Under the Driving of the OsLCT1 Promoter on Cadmium Migration to Rice Seeds XIONG JiaNi, LI ZongYue, HU HengLiang, GU TianYu, GAO Yan, PENG JiaShi Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1259-1268.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.001 Abstract （222）   HTML （75）    PDF （1722KB）（167）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Cadmium (Cd) is the predominant pollutant in China’s arable land, with rice cultivated on these contaminated soils being a significant dietary source of Cd for the population. This study aims to tissue-specifically express OsNRAMP5, a transporter responsible for the majority of Cd uptake in rice, to investigate strategies for developing low-Cd rice varieties and provide a reference for molecular design breeding to cope with Cd pollution. 【Method】To drive the expression of OsNRAMP5 in rice, we utilized a 2 500 bp sequence upstream of the OsLCT1 start codon as the promoter. The red fluorescent protein mRFP was fused to the C-terminus of OsNRAMP5 to visualize its tissue localization. After obtaining independent homozygous transgenic lines, the transcripts of the OsNRAMP5 were first detected using qRT-PCR, and its tissue localization in roots and nodes was observed via laser confocal microscopy. Subsequently, the accumulation and tolerance of Cd were evaluated in transgenic and wild-type rice under varying concentrations of Cd treatment. Furthermore, plants were grown in Cd-contaminated paddy soil, and the accumulation of Cd and other mineral elements in seeds and leaves, as well as related yield traits, were measured. 【Result】Under the drive of the OsLCT1 promoter, OsNRAMP5 was expressed mainly in the epidermis, exodermis and stele of roots, as well as in the phloem area of enlarged vascular bundles and diffuse vascular bundles in nodes, differing significantly from the native expression pattern of OsNRAMP5 in rice. Compared to wild-type rice, the transgenic lines exhibited increased Cd accumulation in roots, decreased Cd accumulation in shoots, and enhanced tolerance to Cd stress during the seedling stage. When cultivated in Cd-contaminated paddy soils, plant height and grain yield were unaffected by the ectopic expression of OsNRAMP5, while Cd accumulation in seeds and leaves significantly decreased in the transgenic lines. The Cd content in seeds decreased by over 80%, with a greater reduction ratio compared to that in leaves. Although the Mn content in seeds and leaves slightly decreased, the expression of OsNRAMP5 had little impact on the accumulation of other mineral elements such as Fe, Zn, and Cu. 【Conclusion】The expression of OsNRAMP5 driven by the OsLCT1 promoter greatly decreases the Cd migration toward rice seeds by reducing Cd transport to the aboveground parts from roots and increasing the Cd transporting to leaves at nodes. Therefore, the expression of OsNRAMP5 under the control of the OsLCT1 promoter is an effective strategy to reduce Cd accumulation in rice seeds. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Molecular Characteristics and Resistance Evaluation of Transgenic Maize LD05 with Stacked Insect and Herbicide Resistance Traits YUE RunQing, LI WenLan, DING ZhaoHua, MENG ZhaoDong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1269-1283.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.002 Abstract （120）   HTML （47）    PDF （3160KB）（100）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To clarify the molecular characteristics and the effectiveness of target traits of transgenic maize LD05 with composite insect and herbicide resistance, and to provide data basis, technical support and product reserve for industrial application.【Method】Using biological information analysis, we designed and modified the proprietary insect-resistant fusion gene m2cryAb-vip3A, and selected BC4F3, BC4F4 and BC4F5 generations of the newly created transgenic hybrid insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize LD05 to carry out experimental research. Specific PCR and Southern blot were used to analyze the stability of genomic integration. qRT-PCR and ELISA were used to analyze the expression stability. The resistance to target pests was evaluated by bioassay and field trials, and the herbicide tolerance was tested by field spraying of glufosinate. 【Result】A new insect-resistant fusion gene m2cryAb-vip3A with independent property right was discovered and designed, and a multivalent insect-resistant and herbicide resistant maize transformant LD05 was created. The exogenous T-DNA was integrated into the maize genome in the form of a single copy. The qRT-PCR results indicated that m2cryAb-vip3A and bar were both expressed in various tissues and organs across three generations, and the variation trend of expression quantities was largely consistent. Specifically, the expression level of m2cryAb-vip3A was the highest in the leaves at the seedling stage of the three consecutive generations, with an average expression quantity of 36.73, while the expression level was the lowest in the cob at the mature stage, with an average of merely 0.91. The expression pattern of bar was similar to that of m2cryAb-vip3A, with the highest expression level in the leaves at the seedling stage, averaging 7.35, and the expression level decreased after the jointing stage. The ELISA results demonstrated that M2CryAb-VIP3A could stably accumulate in different organs and at different periods in the three generations, and the protein accumulation amounts in different generations were similar. Among them, the accumulation amount was the highest in the leaves at the seedling stage of different generations, all exceeding 19.67 μg·g-1 fresh weight. The expression of the targeted protein at a relatively high level could be detected in different tissues of the PAT transgenic plants of three consecutive generations, and there was no significant difference in the expression quantity between different generations. Among them, the expression level was the highest in the leaves at the seedling stage of different generations, with an average content of 16.61 μg·g-1 fresh weight, while the accumulation amount was the lowest in the roots at the mature stage, with an average content of 0.30 μg·g-1 fresh weight. The bioassay result showed that the corrected mortality of Ostrinia furnacalis, Spodoptera fragiperda and Mythimna separata reached 100% after feeding on V5 maize leaf tissue of LD05 for 96 h, which was a high resistance level. The results of field trials showed that LD05 transformants had high resistance to Ostrinia furnacalis at V5 stage and silking stage, to Mythimna separata at V5 stage, and to Helicoverpa armigera at silking stage. The results of glufosinate tolerance test showed that transgenic maize LD05 could tolerate 4-fold glufosinate. Agronomic character investigation showed that there was no difference between transgenic maize LD05 and control maize Zheng 58.【Conclusion】A novel insect-resistant fusion gene m2cryAb-vip3A with independent property rights was developed, and a transgenic hybrid insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant maize LD05 was created with clear molecular characteristics, genetic stability and outstanding functional traits. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of Near Infrared Spectrometry Model for Flavonoids Content of Peanut with Red and Black Testa LI XinYu, HOU MingYu, CUI ShunLi, LIU YingRu, LI XiuKun, LIU LiFeng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (7): 1284-1295.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.07.003 Abstract （92）   HTML （40）    PDF （1739KB）（92）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Flavonoid content is one of the critical quality indicators for peanut seed. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) is an effective method for rapid detection of flavonoid content in peanut. However, the differences of testa color may affect the accuracy of the detection results. Therefore, the construction of NIR prediction models for peanuts with red and black testa can provide a guarantee for efficient and rapid detection of flavonoid content in special peanut kernels. 【Method】In this study, 232 peanut germplasms with different testa colors were selected as materials, including 108 peanut with red testa and 124 peanut with black testa. The total flavonoid content was determined by aluminum chloride chromogenic method, with rutin serving as the standard (RT: rutin). Using the Swedish Broadcom DA7250 Diode Array Analyzer for spectral acquisition, within a scanning spectral range of 950-1 650 nm. Employing the Unscrambler X10.4 modeling software, various calibration models were established through both single and composite processing, utilizing diverse derivative and scattering spectral preprocessing methods, based on full-band partial least squares (PLS) modeling. By comparing the correlation coefficients and errors among different models, the optimal processing method was selected to establish a prediction model for flavonoid content in both red and black peanut kernels. For model external validation, materials were derived from a recombinant inbred line population derived from the parents of Silihong and Jinonghei 3, with 30 lines with red testa and 30 lines with black testa each undergoing external cross-validation.【Result】The results showed that flavonoid content of peanut with red testa was between 60.33-122.49 mg RT/100 g, with an average of 94.34 mg RT/100 g. The flavonoid content of peanut with black testa was between 64.98-121.55 mg RT/100 g, with an average of 95.59 mg RT/100 g. The best spectral pretreatment method of the peanut with red testa prediction model was “Derivative Savitzky-Golay+ SNV+Detrend”, yielding a correction correlation coefficient (Rc) of 0.9022, a root means square error of cross validation (RMSECV) of 1.9101, a prediction correlation coefficient (Rp) of 0.9021, and a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 1.9606 mg RT/100 g. The external validation correlation coefficient (R2) was 0.923, with a prediction model deviation range of -4.86-8.47 mg/100 g. The best spectral pre-treatment method for the peanut with black testa prediction model was “Derivative Savitzky-Golay+SNV+Deresolve”,resulting in an Rc of 0.9521, an RMSECV of 1.6978, the correlation coefficient (Rp) of the peanut with black testa prediction model was 0.915, and RMSEP of 2.292 mg RT/100 g, the correlation coefficient R2 of external verification was 0.907, with a prediction model deviation range of -4.56-2.87 mg/100 g. Cross-validation was carried out with non-corresponding color models, and the correlation coefficient was between 0.0015-0.0975. 【Conclusion】The testa color strongly affected the accuracy of detection, and the near-infrared prediction models constructed in this study are suitable for the detection of flavonoid content in peanuts with red and black testa,which provide an important selection method for breeding characteristic peanuts with high flavonoids. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and Identification of Pigm-1 Interaction Proteins for Disease Resistance of Rice Blast JIN YiDan, HE NiQing, CHENG ZhaoPing, LIN ShaoJun, HUANG FengHuang, BAI KangCheng, ZHANG Tao, WANG WenXiao, YU MinXiang, YANG DeWei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (6): 1043-1051.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.06.001 Abstract （202）   HTML （39）    PDF （1873KB）（148）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Rice blast is one of the most devastating diseases of rice production. A broad-spectrum disease resistance gene Pigm-1 was identified but its functional pathway and interactors are unknown. The screening and identification of key proteins in the Pigm-1 signaling pathway will provide an important theoretical basis for rice disease resistance breeding. 【Method】 In this study, the decoy protein pGBKT7-Pigm-1-CC1-576 vector was constructed to detect the decoy protein self-activation, and the toxicity of the decoy protein was detected by separately transforming the plasmid pGBKT7 and pGBKT7-Pigm-1-CC1-576 into Y2H Gold yeast. The rice disease resistance R protein Pigm-1 was screened by cDNA expression yeast library induced by rice blast fungus. The sequencing results were compared and annotated by Rice Information GateWay (RIGW). The interaction of OsbHLH148 protein was verified by Luc, Co-IP and yeast two-hybrid assays, and the tissue expression of the corresponding gene of the interaction protein OsbHLH148 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. 【Result】 The self-activation test showed that the decoy protein pGBKT7-Pigm-1-CC1-576 did not self-activate when cotransformed with the AD plasmid, and the toxicity analysis showed that the decoy protein had little or no toxicity to yeast cells. A total of 124 proteins that may interact with Pigm-1 were obtained by screening the yeast library, and among these proteins, there are ethylene synthesis related, gibberellin synthesis related, active oxygen species clearly related, enzyme metabolism related, and some function unknown. The interaction between Pigm-1-CC1-576 and OsbHLH148 was verified by Luc, Co-IP and yeast two-hybrid methods. Further analysis showed that OsbHLH148 can be induced by blast fungus infection, and the tissue expression analysis showed that OsbHLH148 expression level was the highest in rice leaves at 6 weeks. 【Conclusion】 In this study, 124 proteins that may interact with Pigm-1 were obtained. One of these proteins, OsbHLH148, was selected and verified to interact with Pigm-1-CC1-576. Suggesting that OsbHLH148 may be involved in Pigm-1 mediated resistance of rice blast. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Generation of Low-Glutelin Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm Through Long Fragment Deletion Using CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Mutagenesis JIN YaRu, CHEN Bin, WANG XinKai, ZHOU TianTian, LI Xiao, DENG JingJing, YANG YuWen, GUO DongShu, ZHANG BaoLong Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (6): 1052-1064.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.06.002 Abstract （117）   HTML （16）    PDF （3491KB）（95）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple cereal crop for about half of the global population, with protein being the second-most significant nutritional component in rice grains. The storage proteins in rice grains mostly consist of glutelin, prolamin, globulin, and albumin, among which the content of easy-to-digest glutelin is the highest. Consequently, common rice increases the burden of kidney and accelerates the progression of renal disorders. The method of generating low-glutelin rice germplasm will provide novel genetic material for the cultivation of functional rice cultivars suitable for individuals with kidney diseases. 【Method】 We utilized Suxiu 867 (SX867), an elite japonica rice cultivar appropriate for cultivation in Jiangsu province, as a transgenic recipient to delete a fragment of approximately 3 500 bp between the B subfamily glutelin-coding genes GluB4 and GluB5 using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technology. The large fragment deletion was identified by PCR using the primers corresponding to the flanking sequence of gene editing target sites, while sequence-specific primers for Cas9 and hygromycin resistance gene cassettes were used to identify the low-glutelin rice mutant absent of transgenic elements. The protein component contents of homozygous low-glutelin mutants were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the expression levels of glutelin-coding genes in rice grains were detected by quantitative PCR. The agronomic traits and quality traits of homozygous low-glutelin mutants and recipient cultivar cultivated under the same cultivation conditions were measured. 【Result】 Homozygous mutants with a 3 448 bp deletion between GluB4 and GluB5 genes were generated successfully. In the mutants, the relative proportion of glutelin decreased significantly, while that of prolamin and globulin increased significantly. The glutelin content of homozygous mutants decreased to 45.54%-49.75% compared to recipient cultivar, and the reduction level is comparable to LGC-1, a low-glutelin rice germplasm commonly used as a donor of low-glutelin trait in commercialized rice cultivars. The expression levels of B subfamily glutelin-coding genes in homozygous mutant were decreased significantly, and the changing trends was consistent with that of LGC-1 derived rice cultivar. Except that plant height decreased and grain length increased significantly, other measured agronomic and quality traits of homozygous mutants were not changed significantly compared to recipient cultivar. 【Conclusion】 Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing technology, rice mutants with significant lower glutelin content free from transgenic elements were obtained successfully providing a convenient and quick method to generate low-glutelin germplasm. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening Regulatory Genes Related to Wheat Grain Protein Accumulation Based on Transcriptome and WGCNA Analysis PAN LiYuan, WANG YongJun, LI HaiJun, HOU Fu, LI Jing, LI LiLi, SUN SuYang Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (6): 1065-1082.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.06.003 Abstract （103）   HTML （15）    PDF （3839KB）（87）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Common wheat, as an important food crop, plays a crucial role in global food security. Identifying the gene regulatory networks involved in wheat grain protein synthesis and determining key candidate genes will provide theoretical support for quality breeding and improvement of wheat. 【Method】 The study used wheat grains at six developmental stages (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 days post-anthesis) as research materials to summarize the pattern of protein accumulation in wheat grains. Transcriptome data and grain protein content phenotypic data were analyzed using the WGCNA (Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis) method to construct weighted gene co-expression networks and identify key hub transcription factor (TFs) genes.【Result】 The accumulation of protein content in wheat grains showed a trend of initial decline followed by an increase, reaching its lowest value (12.16%) at 25 days post-anthesis, with significant differences in protein content between adjacent developmental stages. A total of 25 427 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between adjacent developmental stages. Cluster analysis divided these DEGs into five groups (A-E), with group B containing the highest number of DEGs (10 906). A total of 1 022 transcription factors (TFs) from 49 families were identified, with the NAC family containing the most TFs (107). WGCNA analysis identified five co-expression modules significantly associated with protein content. The turquoise module showed the highest positive correlation with protein content (r=0.80, P=1×10-⁴). By integrating differentially expressed genes and weighted gene co-expression networks, six positively regulated hub TFs from the MIKC-MADS, TCP, TALE, and CPP families were identified in two modules (turquoise and blue). Further correlation analysis between the protein content phenotype of Huaimai 48 and gene expression levels at different time points revealed that the expression levels of five hub TFs were significantly positively correlated with the protein content phenotype. Specifically, TraesCS5B03G0740100 and TraesCS7D03G0590500 showed specific high expression in spike and grain tissues.【Conclusion】 The study identified important modules (turquoise and blue) related to wheat protein content accumulation, screened six hub TFs, and identified that the expression levels of two hub TFs are significantly positively correlated with protein content and are specifically highly expressed in spike and grain tissues. These genes can serve as candidate genes for regulating protein accumulation in wheat grains. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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The Dilemma and Way Out of Patent Regulation for Gene-Edited Crops XU YiHeng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 831-839.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.001 Abstract （230）   HTML （32）    PDF （390KB）（278）       Knowledge map    Save Gene-edited crops, the product of the intersection between biotechnology and agricultural science, represent a crucial direction in the development of modern agriculture. With the rapid advancement of the CRISPR-Cas9 system, the scientific research and commercial development of crop trait improvement have gradually shifted towards a “technology-driven” path, which has not only overturned traditional crop cultivation methods but also fundamentally propelled humanity’s exploration of crop research. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of patenting fundamental research tools has sparked widespread controversy within academia and profoundly impacted the sharing and utilization of crop resources. Private entities patenting CRISPR-Cas9 technology restrict other researchers and farmers’ opportunities to explore and harness genetic resources. This practice not only hinders scientific progress but also violates the fundamental consensus that genetic resources should be shared by all humanity. The sharing and openness of crop resources are crucial for the sustainable development of global agriculture and ecological balance, serving as a necessary condition for safeguarding public interests. A key issue that the governance of biotechnology patents urgently needs to address is how to reasonably allocate benefits and risks among traditional communities, researchers, research investors, and the public. This is also essential for constructing a new scientific ethics framework and regulating emerging technologies. However, China’s policy responses in this area are still insufficient. To mitigate the negative effects stemming from the exclusivity of patents, it is imperative to reassess and reconstruct the framework of relevant systems. Firstly, we should adhere to the principle of moral utility, emphasizing the public nature of scientific research and its social responsibilities, while carefully considering the “harmful” nature of inventions to social morality. Secondly, implementing a mandatory disclosure system for biological genetic resources is a crucial step towards achieving transparency and fairness, with “applicants truthfully disclosing the actual origin of crop genes based on the principle of good faith” elevated to a mandatory norm. Lastly, the open licensing of fundamental patented technologies can draw inspiration from the experience of open-source software, encouraging more researchers to participate in the exploration of crop resources through the open sharing of research tools, thereby facilitating broader scientific collaboration and the transformation of research outcomes. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning of the Promoters and Analysis of Expression Patterns of Maturity Genes E1 and E2 in Soybean LIU LuPing, HU XueJie, QI Jin, CHEN Qiang, LIU Zhi, ZHAO TianTian, SHI XiaoLei, LIU BingQiang, MENG QingMin, ZHANG MengChen, HAN TianFu, YANG ChunYan Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 840-850.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.002 Abstract （220）   HTML （28）    PDF （1308KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Maturity time is an essential phenotypic measure of ecological adaptability of soybean and an important trait related to its yield formation. The study of promoters and expression patterns of major maturity genes E1 and E2 would provide basis for the study of gene function and molecular regulatory network of maturity time and lay foundation for adaptability improvement and yield increase in soybean.【Method】The promoter sequences of major maturity genes E1 and E2 were analyzed through the promoter cis-element analysis website PlantCARE, and the important regulatory elements were detected. The promoters of E1 and E2 were cloned, the GUS vectors were constructed, and transformation of Arabidopsis was performed to detect GUS activity in different tissues and organs of transgenic plants. Under low light and strong light conditions, the expression levels of E1 and E2 were compared between long day and short day conditions. The expression levels of E1 and E2 were detected in soybean varieties of different maturity groups, which is for the analysis of correlation between expression levels and maturity time of soybean varieties.【Result】Both E1 and E2 promoters contained multiple photoresponsive elements such as AE-box, Box4 and G-box, E1 promoter also contained auxin-response, abolic acid-response elements, and E2 promoter also contained low temperature-response, drought-response elements and meristem expression elements. In GUS activity detection of transgenic Arabidopsis, E1 promoter had strong transcriptional activity in all organs of the plant, and transcriptional activity of E2 promoter in fibrovascular tissues of seedling hypocotyl, leaf and root was relatively strong. Under both low light and strong light conditions, the expression level of E1 was significantly higher in long day than in short day. Under low light conditions, the expression level of E2 was higher in short day than in long day. Under strong light conditions, the expression level of E2 was higher in long day than in short day. With the increase of maturity time of different soybean varieties, expression level of E1 increased gradually, while E2 expression level did not change regularly.【Conclusion】The promoter of E1 gene was a widely expressed promoter, and its expression level was significantly regulated by photoperiod and significantly correlated with the maturity time of soybean varieties. The promoter of E2 was strongly expressed in vascular tissues of various organs, the photoperiodic regulation mode of this gene was different under strong light and low light conditions, and there was no significant correlation between expression level of E2 and maturity time. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-Wide Survey and Development of Novel SSR Markers in Erianthus fulvus LUO ZhengYing, HU Xin, WU ZhuanDi, QIAN ZhenFeng, TIAN ChunYan, LIU XinLong, LI FuSheng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (5): 851-863.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.05.003 Abstract （103）   HTML （11）    PDF （2132KB）（72）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Erianthus fulvus, serving as a crucial wild resource for sugarcane, is capable of enhancing the stress tolerance and yield of varieties. In order to utilize E. fulvus for sugarcane breeding, it is important to systematically identify and develop simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci in the E. fulvus genome, screen for polymorphic SSR markers, analyse the genetic diversity characteristics of E. fulvus resources and then develop SSR markers associated with important traits. 【Method】Using the SSRminer module in the software TBtools, a comprehensive exploration of SSR loci was conducted on the diploid E. fulvus whole genome sequence. The obtained data were statistically analyzed to reveal their distribution patterns and regularities within the genome. The Batch Target Region Primer Design function was employed for batch designing SSR primers, and the specificity of the primers was evaluated using the Primer check tool. To comparethe SSR polymorphism betweenE. fulvus and sugarcane, amplification experiments were performed on 50 pairs of randomly synthesized SSR primers and 14 pairs of SSR primers sourced from sugarcane across 6 E. fulvus germplasms. 【Result】A total of 152 707 SSR loci, which were distributed on E. fulvus genome with an average density of 5.64 kb/locus, were identified. The majority were located in intergenic regions. In terms of SSR type distribution, mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and trinucleotide had the highest density. Dinucleotide SSR types exhibited the greatest variation in motif repeat numbers, while pentanucleotide motif repeat variations were the least. Across the entire genome, 883 distinct SSR motif repeat types were identified, with A/T and AT/TA being the most abundant. A total of 144 692 pairs of SSR primers, of which 85 025 pairs exhibited high specificity, were designed. These specific primers displayed a distribution characteristic of dense ends and sparse middles on the genome. Amplification experiments showed that 42 out of the 50 randomly synthesized SSR primer pairs yielded stable and clear bands in E. fulvus, with 32 exhibiting polymorphisms, yielding a polymorphism rate of 64.0%. In contrast to the 14 sugarcane SSR primers, the E. fulvus SSR primers demonstrated superior amplification efficacy and greater polymorphism. After screening, 16 pairs of SSR primers with good polymorphism and clear amplification bands were determined from the 32 effective SSR primer pairs. These 16 pairs of primers amplified a total of 72 bands, with polymorphism information content (PIC) ranging from 0.63 to 0.83, and an average PIC value of 0.74, indicating their effectiveness and practicality in polymorphism analysis and molecular marker research of E. fulvus germplasm resources. 【Conclusion】This study comprehensively identified SSR loci in the E. fulvus genome, revealing the high abundance and diversity of SSR distribution features. Sixteen pairs of highly specific and polymorphic SSR primers were successfully screened. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and Heat Tolerance Function of Wheat TaGRAS34-5A Gene DIAO DengChao, LI YunLi, MENG XiangYu, JI SongHan, SUN YuChen, MA XueHong, LI Jie, FENG YongJia, LI ChunLian, WU JianHui, ZENG QingDong, HAN DeJun, $\boxed{\hbox{WANG ChangFa}}$, ZHENG WeiJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (4): 617-634.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.001 Abstract （313）   HTML （62）    PDF （13208KB）（276）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The GRAS family constitutes a unique class of plant-specific transcription factors that play a pivotal role in plant development and stress response. To elucidate the function of GRAS family genes in wheat heat tolerance，which can provide genetic resources and theoretical foundation for wheat heat-resistant breeding.【Method】A potential heat stress-responsive transcription factor gene, TaGRAS34-5A, was identified through transcriptome analysis of TAM107 and Chinese spring wheat seedlings under high-temperature conditions. Subsequently, a bioinformatics analysis was performed on TaGRAS34-5A, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to elucidate its molecular characteristics. The expression pattern of TaGRAS34-5A under various stresses, including high temperature, abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, were examined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) method. The subcellular localization of the TaGRAS34-5A protein was determined using wheat protoplast transient expression technique. Furthermore, the heat tolerance function of TaGRAS34-5A was validated using the heterologous expression system of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the BSMV:VIGS (Barley stripe mosaic virus: Virus-Induced Gene Silencing) silencing technique. potential interacting proteins of TaGRAS34-5A were screened using yeast two-hybrid technology, and the heat tolerance function was verified, providing preliminary insights into its heat tolerance mechanism.【Result】TaGRAS34-5A, equipped with a characteristic GRAS domain and belongs to the GRAS transcription factor family, is localized to both the cell nucleus and cytoplasm. Bioinformatics analysis indicates that the TaGRAS34-5A promoter contains a large number of hormone response elements and light response elements, and it is most closely related to TaSCL14, OsGRAS23, and AtSCL14 in terms of phylogenetic relationships, suggesting its potential function in responding to oxidative stress. Its expression is upregulated under high-temperature, ethylene (ETH), abscisic acid (ABA), and salicylic acid (SA) treatments, peaking at 4, 6, 0.5, and 12 hours post-treatment, respectively, with the most significant induction observed under heat stress and SA. Functional assays in yeast demonstrated that heterologous expression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of the yeast. The results of BSMV:VIGS transient silencing experiment showed that after the 42 ℃ high-temperature treatment, TaGRAS34-5A silenced plants exhibited decreased chlorophyll content, reduced POD enzyme activity, increased cellular peroxidation, and decreased heat tolerance compared to the control. Preliminary studies on the heat tolerance mechanism suggest that TaGRAS34-5A exhibits strong transcriptional self-activation activity.it may modulate wheat heat tolerance by interacting with proteins such as the bZIP family transcription factor HBP-1b and the E3 ubiquitin ligase hel2, thereby regulating cellular redox homeostasis and detoxification processes, positively influencing the heat tolerance of wheat.【Conclusion】TaGRAS34-5A is induced by heat, ABA, ETH, and SA, and its encoded protein is located in the nucleus and cytoplasm. It exhibits transcriptional activation activity. Heterologous overexpression of TaGRAS34-5A enhances the heat tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Silencing TaGRAS34-5A in wheat plants increases cellular peroxidation, decreases chlorophyll content, and reduces heat tolerance. TaGRAS34-5A may regulate the heat tolerance of wheat by modulating cellular redox state and detoxification processes. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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QTL Mapping of Quality Traits for A Peanut Germplasm SW9721-3 with Ultra-High Oil Content YANG YongQing, HU PengJu, SONG YaHui, JIN XinXin, SU Qiao, WANG Jin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (4): 635-646.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.04.002 Abstract （110）   HTML （13）    PDF （2716KB）（115）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】High quality is a critical objective in peanut breeding. However, the poor genetic base of cultivated peanuts has significantly limited the breeding efficiency for high-quality peanut. Therefore, unearthing valuable allelic gene resources associated with quality traits would provide basis for expanding genetic diversity of cultivated peanut germplasm resources.【Method】A wild peanut (Arachis villosa), PI 210553, carried diploid A type genome, was used as a donor parent for crossing with cultivated peanuts. Ultra-high oil peanut germplasm with wild ancestry was selected from the progeny, and a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population, derived from this germplasm and the cultivated variety Jihua 5, was used for genetic dissection and QTL mapping of four quality traits across three environments.【Result】Four ultra-high oil accessions of the SW9721 series were selected from the cross population between Yueyou 551 and PI 210553. Notably, SW9721-3 showcased an oil content of 62.50%, exceeding the national high-oil-content peanut standard by 7.5 percent points. Phenotypic analysis of the RIL population revealed that environmental influences caused variations in the mean values of quality traits from 11.02% to 40.80%. Correlation coefficients among these traits varied from 0.23 to 0.97 (P<0.001), with significant associations observed between oil and protein contents, and between oleic and linoleic acid contents. Furthermore, the phenotypic variation of quality traits was found to be between 3.78% and 10.61%, with heritability values above 0.6, absolute values of skewness and kurtosis were less than 1. These phenotypic values were approximately normally distributed, indicating that these traits are quantitatively inherited. In addition, a total of 12 QTLs were identified across the three environments, with LOD scores ranging from 3.26 to 17.82, accounting for 1.97% to 24.56% of the phenotypic variation. Particularly, The QTL locus qPOC_7 was consistently detected in all environments, with LOD scores between 6.01 and 17.82, explaining 4.59% to 24.56% of the phenotypic variation in both protein and oil content. The oil content increase was attributed to the allele from SW9721-3, highlighting the significant breeding value of this QTL. The physical position of flanking molecular markers for qPOC_7 suggested that the corresponding genes are located within a 180 kb interval from 426 363 to 606 659 bp at the end of chromosome 7. Within this candidate region, 22 annotated genes were identified, including two glucose metabolism- related genes, Ah.CKCA5J and Ah.805HV8, which are considered the high-potential candidate genes. 【Conclusion】In summary, this study successfully developed an ultra-high oil peanut germplasm, SW9721-3, and identified a major QTL locus, qPOC_7, with significant implications for peanut breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of Single and Dual-Segment Substitution Lines from Rice CSSL-Z492 and Genetic Dissection of QTL for Grain Size LI Lu, XIE Zhuang, XIE KeYing, ZHANG Han, ZHAO ZhuoWen, XIANG AoNi, LI QiaoLong, LING YingHua, HE GuangHua, ZHAO FangMing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (3): 401-415.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.001 Abstract （170）   HTML （25）    PDF （2125KB）（109）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Rice grain size is a quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes. They can be dissected into a single segment substitution line (SSSL), which is of great significance for their genetic mechanism study and breeding by design. 【Method】Z492, a chromosome segment substitution line in the genetic background of Nipponbare, was used as material to dissect QTL for rice grain size by mixed linear model (MLM) method. 【Result】The F2 population was constructed from Nipponbare/Z492 to identify four QTL for grain size, including qGL6 and qGL7 for grain length and qRLW7 and qRLW12 for rate of grain length to width. Then three single-segment substitution lines (SSSL, S1-S3) and 3 dual-segment substitution lines (DSSL, D1-D3) carrying these QTL were further constructed. And the SSSL were then used to detect eight QTL for grain size, including qGL6, qGL7 and six newly identified QTL (qGW6, qRLW6, qGW7, qGWT7, qGL12, qGW12). Simultaneously, the genetic model of different QTL in 3 DSSL were analyzed. The results showed that interaction of qGL6 (a=0.26 mm) and qGL7 (a=0.21 mm) produced -0.21 mm of grain length epistatic effect, which resulted in the genetic effect (0.26 mm) of D1 equal to the additive effect of each QTL. Thus, the grain length (7.98 mm) of D1 displayed no difference from those (7.89 and 7.98 mm) of S2 with qGL7 and S1 containing qGL6, while significantly longer than that (7.47 mm) of Nipponbare. The result indicated that it is not necessary to pyramid qGL6 and qGL7 in breeding by design for increasing grain length. qGW6 (a=0.07 mm) and qGW12 (a=0.06 mm) belonged to independent inheritance in D2, thus, the genetic effect (0.13 mm) after pyramiding of qGW6 and qGW12 caused the grain width (3.65 mm) of D2 broader significantly than any of the SSSL with the single QTL. So, qGW6 and qGW12 can be selected to increase grain width in breeding by design. Interaction of qGW7 (a=0.11 mm) and qGW12 (a=0.06 mm) yielded -0.10 mm of epistatic effect, causing the grain width genetic effect (0.07 mm) of D3 parallel to the additive effect of qGW12. Thus, the grain width (3.59 mm) of D3 exhibited no difference with that (3.56 mm) of S3 carrying qGW12, while wider significantly than that (3.44 mm) of Nipponbare and narrower significantly than that (3.66 mm) of S2. 【Conclusion】It is very necessary for breeding by design to identify QTL for different important traits using SSSL and DSSL. Pyramiding different QTL produce various genetic models. Some display independent inheritance, and others exhibit various epistatic effects. In addition, to cross with S1 and S3 can realize the goal of longer, wider and heavier rice grain, and to cross with S1 and S2 can reach the target of heavier grain weight, while to cross with S2 and S3 have no any effects in grain size. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Iron Concentrations in Grain and Its Different Parts of Newly Developed Wheat Varieties (Lines) in China and Influencing Factors LUO YiNuo, LI YanFei, LI WenHu, ZHANG SiQi, MU WenYan, HUANG Ning, SUN RuiQing, DING YuLan, SHE WenTing, SONG WenBin, LI XiaoHan, SHI Mei, WANG ZhaoHui Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (3): 416-430.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.002 Abstract （170）   HTML （14）    PDF （1596KB）（110）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 The study aims to measure the iron (Fe) concentration in the grain, flour, and bran of newly developed high-yielding wheat varieties (lines) in major wheat production regions of China. It investigates the impact of yield, yield components, and soil factors on Fe absorption and distribution within the wheat, and determine the effects of these variables on Fe concentrations in its different parts. The objective is to provide a basis for grain Fe nutritional fortification in wheat. 【Method】A study was conducted on 104 newly developed wheat varieties (lines) through multi-point trials across 17 provinces in major wheat production regions of China. The research analyzed Fe concentration in wheat grain, flour and bran, along with yield, yield components, Fe absorption and distribution, soil physicochemical properties, and fertilizer application rates during the 2021-2022 and 2022-2023 growing seasons, to study the Fe concentration in different parts of the grain of newly developed wheat varieties (lines) in China, as well as the absorption and distribution of Fe and environmental influencing factors. 【Result】Significant variations for Fe concentrations were observed in the wheat grain, flour and bran among new varieties (lines) in the major wheat production regions of China,with the range of 20.2-57.1, 2.1-37.5, and 31.2-144.5 mg·kg-1, and the average of 34.6, 10.8, and 72.8 mg·kg-1, respectively. Wheat varieties (lines) in the southern wheat regions exhibited higher Fe concentrations in grains and its different parts compared to that in the northern regions, and the Fe concentration in flour and bran showed a positive correlation with its in grain. For every 1.0 mg·kg-1 increase in grain Fe, flour saw a 0.2 to 0.3 mg·kg-1 rise, and bran experienced a 1.9 to 2.3 mg·kg-1 increase. The Fe concentration in grains was negatively correlated with yield, biomass, and spike number. With each 1.0 t·hm-2 increase in yield, there was a decrease of 1.2 mg·kg-1 in grain Fe concentration. For every 100×104/hm2 increase in spike number, the grain Fe concentration decreased by 0.3 mg·kg-1. The flour Fe concentration showed negative relationship with Fe absorption in grain, straw, glume and bran. The grain Fe concentration was negatively correlated with calcium, and positively with manganese, copper, and zinc. The grain Fe concentrations varied over locations, and different locations contributing 39% to 70% to the variation in grain Fe concentration. Soil pH, available phosphorus, Fe and manganese as major environmental factors affecting Fe nutrition in wheat grains. Grain Fe concentrations were negatively correlated with soil available phosphorus. Meanwhile, flour Fe concentrations were negatively correlated with soil pH, and positively correlated with soil available iron and manganese. 【Conclusion】High-Fe varieties (lines) were found among the newly developed high-yielding wheat varieties (lines) in China. Maintaining stable spike number, regulating soil pH, increasing grain Fe harvest index, soil available phosphorus, iron, manganese and appropriately applying N, P to enhance soil fertility were conducive to achieving a synergistic enhancement of both yield and Fe concentrations in wheat grain and flour. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-Wide Association Study of Husk Traits in Maize ZHOU GuangFei, MA Liang, MA Lu, ZHANG ShuYu, ZHANG HuiMin, SONG XuDong, ZHANG ZhenLiang, LU HuHua, HAO DeRong, MAO YuXiang, XUE Lin, CHEN GuoQing Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (3): 431-442.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.03.003 Abstract （162）   HTML （15）    PDF （2484KB）（113）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Husk is an important trait that affects the mechanical harvesting of maize grain, and identification of the genetic loci and candidate genes can provide theoretical basis for genetic improvement of maize husk traits. 【Method】To identify significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and predict candidate genes for three husk traits, 251 maize inbred lines were used as plant materials and evaluated for husk number (HN), length (HL), and coverage (HC) in two environments. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted by multi-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model (mrMLM) with 32 853 SNPs across entire genome. 【Result】The three husk traits exhibited abundant variation among 251 maize inbred lines with 10.65%-40.60% of phenotypic variation coefficients. The variances of genotype, environment, and the genotype×environment interactions were significant at P<0.01 for each trait, and the broad-sense heritability for each trait was more than 80%. A total 92 SNPs significantly associated with three husk traits were identified in two environmental and best linear unbiased predictors (BLUP) across two environments values by GWAS. Among these SNPs, 35 SNPs were significantly associated with HN, and the phenotypic variance explained by single SNP ranged from 1.48% to 10.53%. 33 SNPs were significantly associated with HL, and the phenotypic variance explained by single SNP ranged from 1.61% to 21.69%. 24 SNPs were significantly associated with HC, and the phenotypic variance explained by single SNP ranged from 2.17% to 20.86%. However, none of SNP could be significantly associated with two husk traits. Five of 92 SNPs were stable, as they were repeatedly detected in two environments and BLUP, also they were novel loci for first reported in this study. Based on the five stable SNPs and qRT-PCR analysis for husk tissue of 17 maize inbred lines, three candidate genes (Zm00001d003850, Zm00001d033706 and Zm00001d025612) related to maize husk were screeded out, which encoded BOI-related E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase, GeBP transcription factor, and protein of unknown function, respectively. 【Conclusion】A total of 92 SNPs significantly associated with three husk traits were identified, including five stable SNPs. Three candidate genes were predicted that might be involved in maize husk growth and development. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Heterosis Groups Research in Maize Inbred Lines Based on Machine Learning CAO ShiLiang, ZHANG JianGuo, YU Tao, YANG GengBin, LI WenYue, MA XueNa, SUN YanJie, HAN WeiBo, TANG Gui, SHAN DaPeng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (2): 203-213.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.001 Abstract （248）   HTML （33）    PDF （1709KB）（144）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The objective of this study is to optimize the classification and discriminant method of maize heterotic groups, and provide guidance and reference for maize breeding practices.【Method】Solid-phase chips were used to genotype 60 waxy maize inbred lines, and high-quality SNP markers with different density were obtained through quality control. Population structure analysis and genetic distance clustering were used to classify the 60 waxy maize inbred lines into different groups, and the differences between different classification methods were compared. On this basis, random forest and support vector machine methods were used to sample and discriminate the results of different classification methods. Five-fold cross-validation was used for sampling, and the prediction accuracy of maize group classification based on different classification methods was compared.【Result】Using different quality control standards, 11 431 and 4 022 molecular markers were obtained, respectively. Based on these two molecular marker densities, 60 materials were divided into 5 and 4 clusters, respectively. When using 11 431 SNP markers, the population structure analysis and genetic distance clustering results showed that the intra-cluster sample consistency was 63.33%. When using 4 022 SNP markers for clustering, the intra-cluster sample consistency was 90.00%. The prediction accuracy results for discriminating maize inbred line clusters showed that the average prediction accuracy (91.43%) of Random Forest and Support Vector Machine using 4 022 markers were higher than that of 11 431 markers (86.25%). Among them, the highest prediction accuracy was achieved by Random Forest using 4 022 markers, with a prediction accuracy of 94.17%.【Conclusion】Clustering analysis ultimately divided 60 waxy maize inbred lines into 4 clusters. Sampling and cross-validation results using Random Forest and Support Vector Machine for cluster classification showed that Random Forest achieved higher prediction accuracy than Support Vector Machine. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Screening and Identification of Drought-Tolerant Sweet Potato Germplasm Resources CHEN YongXian, CHEN RuiJiang, DU YiZhi, ZHU JunJie, CHEN WanXia, ZHAO ZiHan, WANG JiChun, DU Kang, ZHANG Kai Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (2): 214-237.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.02.002 Abstract （271）   HTML （23）    PDF （2909KB）（288）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Seeking key indicators and methods for accurately characterize drought tolerance in sweet potato, and screening and identifying drought-tolerant sweet potato germplasm resources, to provide effective methods for the rapid and accurate identification of drought-tolerant sweet potato germplasm resources, and to provide material and theoretical basis for selection and breeding of high quality and drought-tolerant sweet potato varieties. 【Method】Fifty-four sweet potato germplasm resources were used as materials for drought stress experiments. By using two treatments including drought stress and control, and combining with drought pool cultivation experiment and field test, the effects of drought stress on the growth and development, physiological and biochemical characteristics, antioxidant metabolism, photosynthetic characteristics and yield of different sweet potato germplasm resources were investigated, the response characteristics of different sweet potato germplasm resources to drought were analyzed, and the effective indicators for drought tolerance evaluation in sweet potato were selected. The drought tolerance evaluation was preformed using principal component analysis, correlation analysis, direct evaluation of drought resistance coefficient, and calculation of comprehensive drought tolerance measurement value (D value) based on membership function, and the drought-tolerant sweet potato germplasm resources were screened and identified.【Result】The results obtained from the drought pool cultivation experiment showed the influences of drought treatment on the main stem length, aboveground fresh weight, underground dry weight and fresh weight of storage root were extremely significant (P<0.01), and eight drought-tolerant germplasm resources were screened based on cluster analysis of D values. In the field test, the main stem length, stem diameter, number of branches, leaf area index, leaf relative water content, total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, proline (Pro), malondialdehyde (MAD), peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) showed highly significant differences (P<0.01) under drought stress when compared with control. Through the establishment of regression models, it could be initially determined that eight indicators including the leaf area index, root tip, leaf POD, leaf APX, storage root Pro, storage root SOD, storage root CAT, and yield could be used as indicators for drought tolerance identification in sweet potato. XN18111-1, 20XN18-1, XN1834-11 and XN17104-46 were classified as drought-tolerant germplasm resources according to grading of drought resistance coefficient based on yield. The D values of XN18111-1, 20XN18-1 and XN1862-61 were over 0.6 and showed high drought tolerance based on comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation. 【Conclusion】Based on results of comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation in drought pool cultivation experiment, as well as the comprehensive drought tolerance evaluation and yield evaluation in field test, XN18111-1 and 20XN18-1 were finally identified as drought-tolerant germplasm resources, which can be used as drought-tolerant breeding materials or ideal resource materials for study on drought-tolerance mechanism in sweet potato. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress on Seed Shattering of Rice LÜ ShuWei, TANG Xuan, LI Chen Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 1-9.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.001 Abstract （377）   HTML （72）    PDF （2046KB）（359）       Knowledge map    Save Seed shattering is a major factor limiting rice production, and breeding new rice varieties with moderate seed shattering is a key challenge faced by rice breeders worldwide. Rice is the most important cereal crop in China, plays a vital role for national food security. Seed shattering is one of the most important traits during rice domestication, and the abscission zone is the important region to control seed shattering. Compared with wild rice, cultivar has eliminated the seed shattering with partially developed abscission layer. Seed shattering not only has a direct impact on the yield, but also affects the way of its mechanical harvest. In order to breed rice varieties with moderate seed shattering in agricultural production, it is necessary to mine and utilize important seed shattering genes and introduce them into excellent rice varieties for genetic improvement, so as to breed new rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting with moderate seed shattering. Several seed shattering genes had been identified by map-based cloning, such as SH4/SHA1, qSH1, OsSh1/ObSH3, and their functional mechanisms had been analyzed. At the same time, new rice materials with moderate seed shattering have been successfully developed through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, gamma ray mutagenesis technology and gene introduction methods. Seed shattering has an important effect on grain yield and rice harvesting methods, in this paper, we reviewed the methods, physiologic basis, the identification of seed shattering genes and genetic mechanism of seed shattering in rice. At the same time, it is proposed that by using the important genes in excellent rice germplasm resources, could provide reference for exploring the mechanism of rice seed shattering, and breed new rice varieties suitable for mechanical harvesting with moderate seed shattering. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Evaluation for Soda Salinity and Alkalinity in Sorghum Seedling Stage and Selection of Indicators QIAO ZhengYan, YU Miao, TANG YuJie, SHI GuiShan, LIU XinYu, LIU XiaoHan, WANG XinDing, LI Yang, WANG Nai, CHEN BingRu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2025, 58 (1): 30-42.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2025.01.003 Abstract （205）   HTML （27）    PDF （3605KB）（156）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study was conducted to screen the concentration of soda saline-alkali stress solution and the determination index of saline-alkali tolerance, to establish the identification method of saline-alkali tolerance to large-scale identification of sorghum germplasms. The saline-alkali tolerance of the core germplasms of grain sorghum were comprehensively evaluated, and the saline-alkali tolerant germplasms were identified and selected to provide a germplasm basis for further breeding of saline-alkali tolerant parents and hybrids.【Method】The main components of saline-alkali soil of in The Songnen Plain are Na2CO3 and NaHCO3. This experiment used 50 mmol·L-1 NaHCO3﹕Na2CO3=9﹕1 as a stress solution to simulate the moderate saline-alkali environment in Songnen Plain, the pH is 9.19, Salinity is 0.21%. Eight traits, including seedling height, root length, seedling fresh weight, root fresh weight, seeding dry weight, root dry weight, root-shoot ratio fresh weight and root-shoot ratio dry weight were used as measurement indexes and the saline-alkali tolerance characteristics of 285 sorghum core germplasms at seedling stage were identified. Principal component analysis was used to screen the salt-alkali tolerance identification indexes of grain sorghum at seedling stage and establish a mathematical model for salt-alkali tolerance evaluation at seedling stage. The saline-alkaline tolerance of 285 sorghum germplasms was classified by cluster analysis, and the germplasms with strong saline-alkaline tolerance were screened.【Result】50 mmol·L-1saline-alkali stress showed inhibitory effects on 8 indexes of 285 sorghum germplasms, the average values of saline -alkali resistance coefficients are 0.794, 0.785, 0.565, 0.554, 0.802, 0.638, 0.978, and 0.841.Under saline alkali stress, 8 indexes showed significant positive correlations; the seedling height and root fresh weight could be used as the indexes for the identification and evaluation of soda saline-alkali stress in sorghum seedling stage by principal component analysis; The evaluation model of saline-alkali tolerance characteristics of sorghum seedlings was summarized by multiple linear regression analysis Y=0.097X4+0.171X2+0.201X6+0.157X1+0.105X3- 0.147, it can be used for comprehensive evaluation of multiple indicators. 285 grain sorghum core collections were divided into 5 grades by cluster analysis, strong saline-alkali tolerance, saline-alkali tolerance, intermediate type, sensitive type and extremely sensitive type, Among them, there were 8 strong salt-tolerant germplasms, 8 salt-tolerant germplasms, 112 intermediate germplasms, 134 sensitive germplasms and 23 extremely sensitive germplasms. The saline-alkali tolerant germplasm and extremely sensitive germplasm were planted in the moderate saline-alkali soil (pH 8.5-9.5, Salinity 0.3%) for verification in Zhenlai County of western Jilin Province. The average seedling emergence rate of strong saline-alkali tolerant germplasm was 45.4%, and the average seedling height was 23 cm. The average seedling emergence rate of salt-tolerant germplasm was 31.3%, and the average height was 20.9 cm. The average emergence rate of extremely sensitive germplasm was 20%, and the average seedling height was 12.3 cm.【Conclusion】8 strong soda saline-alkali tolerant germplasms and 8 saline-alkali tolerant germplasms were screened out from 285 sorghum germplasms resources with 50 mmol·L-1 soda saline-alkali concentration (NaHCO3﹕Na2CO3=9﹕1). The seedling height and root fresh weight could be used as the preferred evaluation indexes for the identification of saline-alkali tolerance at seedling stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Analysis of Genome-Wide Methylation Differences and Associated Gene Expression of Sesame Varieties Under High Temperature Stress SU XiaoYu, TAN ZhengWei, LI ChunMing, LI Lei, LU DanDan, YU YongLiang, DONG Wei, AN SuFang, YANG Qing, SUN Yao, XU LanJie, YANG HongQi, LIANG HuiZhen Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (24): 4825-4838.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.001 Abstract （304）   HTML （46）    PDF （3237KB）（206）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】This study aimed to explore the differences in genome-wide DNA methylation patterns and their relationships with associated gene expression in different heat-tolerant sesame varieties under high temperature stress, in order to gain a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of DNA methylation in sesame's response to high temperature stress, and to provide a theoretical basis for heat tolerance breeding in sesame. 【Method】Two sesame varieties, Zhengtaizhi 3 (heat-tolerant) and Shandong White Sesame (heat-sensitive), were selected as experimental materials and cultivated under high temperature (41 ℃) and control (30 ℃) conditions for 10 days. Nanopore sequencing technology was used to conduct methylation sequencing of the genomic DNA of these two sesame varieties, and transcriptome sequencing was performed to analyze changes in the expression of associated genes. Minimap 2 software was utilized for reference genome sequence alignment, and Tombo software was employed to detect 5mC, CpG, and 6mA methylation sites. Differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified based on a genome segmentation approach. Finally, functional annotation and pathway analysis of DMR-associated differentially expressed genes (DMR-DEGs) were conducted using GO, COG, and KEGG databases. 【Result】Under high temperature stress, significant changes were observed in the genome-wide DNA methylation patterns of both Zhengtaizhi 3 and Shandong White Sesame. Specifically, the m6A and cytosine methylation (mC) contents of Zhengtaizhi 3 increased, while those of Shandong White Sesame decreased. A total of 621 DMRs (Zhengtaizhi 3) and 374 DMRs (Shandong White Sesame) were identified across the entire genome, mainly distributed in promoter and intergenic regions. Further analysis revealed that these DMRs were significantly associated with 113 DMR-DEGs (Zhengtaizhi 3) and 56 DMR-DEGs (Shandong White Sesame), respectively, and that demethylated DMRs were closely related to upregulated gene expression. Functional annotation results indicated that these DMR-DEGs were primarily involved in biological processes such as carbohydrate transport and metabolism, posttranslational modification, protein turnover, signal transduction, and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. 【Conclusion】This study revealed the differences in genome-wide DNA methylation patterns and their relationships with associated gene expression in different heat-tolerant sesame varieties under high temperature stress. Zhengtaizhi 3, a heat-tolerant sesame variety, regulated the expression of related genes by increasing DNA methylation levels under high temperature stress, while Shandong White Sesame, a heat-sensitive variety, exhibited a decreasing trend in methylation levels. In particular, the dynamic changes in CpG site methylation played a crucial role in regulating sesame's response to high temperature stress. These findings provide new insights and theoretical support for understanding the mechanisms of sesame heat tolerance and for heat tolerance breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Identification of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) MsCEP Genes and Functional Analysis of Its Regulation in Root Growth and Development ZENG XiangCui, YANG YongNian, LI RuYue, JIANG XueQian, JIANG Xu, XU YanRan, LIU ZhongKuan, LONG RuiCai, KANG JunMei, YANG QingChuan, LI MingNa Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (24): 4839-4853.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.24.002 Abstract （275）   HTML （45）    PDF （3483KB）（163）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】CEP (C-terminal encoded peptides) is a gene that encodes hormone-like peptides secreted by roots and serves as a key regulator of plant root growth and development. To provide a molecular theoretical basis for further elucidating the function of MsCEP genes in root growth and development, members of the Medicago sativa MsCEP gene family, basic characteristics, expression differences in different tissues, and their roles in root growth were identified and analyzed. 【Method】Based on the genomic information of the alfalfa cultivar Xinjiang Daye, the MsCEP gene family members of alfalfa were accurately identified using local Blast analysis in TBtools and feature domain by referring to MtCEP family protein of Medicago truncatula sequence. The fundamental genetic and protein characteristics and the phylogenetic relationship of the MsCEP genes were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. The expression patterns of alfalfa MsCEP gene family members in various tissues were assessed using transcriptome data and real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The functional roles of mature MsCEP peptides in root growth and development were analyzed by exogenous application experiments. 【Result】A total of 35 MsCEP family members were identified in the genome of alfalfa Xinjiang Daye, and these genes are distributed across 18 chromosomes, lack introns, and all possess an N-terminal signal peptide and one or two conserved domains of the CEP family. The MsCEP members displayed predicted amino acid length ranging from 59 to 150, with molecular weights spanning 6.7 to 16.2 kDa, the isoelectric points varying from 5.80 to 10.41, instability indices ranging from 30.63 to 89.93, aliphatic indices ranging from 54.41 to 134.88, and the grand average of hydropathicity ranging from -1.110 to 0.377. Subcellular localization predictions indicated that the MsCEP protein predominantly localizes to the nucleus, plasma membrane, chloroplast, and Golgi apparatus. Cluster analysis delineated three distinct branches within the family, aligning with counterparts from Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. The largest branch encompassed 48 CEP members. Collinearity analysis highlighted a collinear relationship between the MsCEP genes in alfalfa and those in Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula. Tissue expression analysis revealed that members of the MsCEP family exhibit distinct tissue-specific expression patterns, with higher expression levels in roots and lower or no expression detected in leaves. Among them, 22 members exhibited higher expression levels in roots compared to other tissues. The exogenous application of synthetic mature MsCEP2 peptide suppressed the growth of primary and lateral roots, reduced the number of lateral roots, and decreased the density of lateral roots. 【Conclusion】In conclusion, our investigation identified a total of 35 MsCEP members from the alfalfa 'Xinjiangdaye' genome database, which are revealed to be highly conserved. The MsCEP genes are primarily expressed in roots, and the exogenous application of synthetic mature MsCEP peptides can regulate root morphology, indicating that MsCEP peptides play important roles in root growth and development of alfalfa. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genetic Composition Analysis of a New High Quality and High Yield Wheat Cultivar Taikemai33 QI XiaoLei, WANG Jun, LÜ GuangDe, MU QiuHuan, MI Yong, SUN YingYing, YIN XunDong, QIAN ZhaoGuo, WANG RuiXia, WU Ke Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4391-4401.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.001 Abstract （348）   HTML （60）    PDF （1486KB）（215）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Taikemai33, derived from a cross between Zhengmai366 and Huaiyin9908, is a new released wheat cultivar with high quality, high yield, and excellent disease resistance, which has a broad genetic base, and a high potential for application in wheat production. The objective of this study is to dissect the genetic composition of Taikemai33 to provide information for parental selection to use this cultivar to develop more new wheat cultivars. 【Method】Taikemai33 and its pedigree parents including Zhengmai366, Huaiyin9908, Yumai47, PH82-2-2, Yumai13, Yumai 2 hao, Bainong3217, Yanda24, Xiannong39, Fengchan 3 hao and Funo were screened using the 55K wheat SNP chip to dissect the genomic composition of Taikemai33 to evaluate the genetic contributions of each parental line to Taikemai33. 【Result】The similarity coefficient between Taikemai33 and its pedigree parents ranged from 0.72 to 0.93, and the genetic composition of Taikemai33 was highly similar to Zhengmai366, the pedigree mother parent, with a genetic similarity coefficient of 0.93. SNP marker analysis showed that the pedigree parents contributed different proportion to the genome of Taikemai33, with the pedigree mother contributed 66.57%, whereas the pedigree father contributed 33.43%, indicating that Taikemai 33 inherits more genetic materials from the maternal lineage. Furthermore, the pedigree mother contributed 71.0%, 85.0% and 49.4% to subgenome A, B and D of Taikeimai33, whereas those were 29.0%, 15.0% and 50.6% contributed by the pedigree father. For each chromosome, the pedigree mother contributed more on chromosome 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A, 7A, 1B to 7B, 1D and 2D, whereas the pedigree father contributed more on chromosome 5A, 4D, 6D and 7D. The contributions of the pedigree parents on 6A, 3D and 5D were equal. Taikemai33 genotype map showed that the contribution loci of the pedigree mother were distributed in clusters on chromosome 1A, 5A, 7A, 2B, 7B, 2D, with those from the pedigree father were on chromosome 4A, 5A, 6D, 7D. Interestingly, among the polymorphic SNP loci, between Zhenmai366 and Huaiyin9908, Taikemai33 showed 109 loci that were absent in both parents, distributing on 19 chromosomes except 1A and 6A. Chromosome 4A, 2B, 6B and 7D of Taikemai33 confer most of the polymorphic SNPs in clusters with cluster number of 10, 9, 11, and 9. 【Conclusion】We constructed the genotype map and dissected the genetic composition of Taikemai33, determined the loci contributed by the pedigree parents and identified that Taikemai33 inherited more genetic materials from the pedigree mother and conferring some specific loci different with the pedigree parents. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Development and Identification of Molecular Markers for Oil-Related Functional Genes and Polymerization Analysis of Excellent Alleles in Soybean WU ChuanLei, HU XiaoYu, WANG Wei, MIAO Long, BAI PengYu, WANG GuoJi, LI Na, SHU Kuo, QIU LiJuan, WANG XiaoBo Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4402-4415.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.002 Abstract （301）   HTML （22）    PDF （5020KB）（131）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Polymerizing soybean high oil genotypes aims at breeding varieties with higher oil content to improve economic efficiency and nutritional value. It is of great significance to increase agricultural output, reduce processing costs and meet global demand for vegetable oil growth.【Method】Glyma.18G027100 C2 gene family was identified by bioinformatic analysis method at the whole genome level. A total of 66 soybean C2 gene family members were identified, named GmC2-01.1-GmC2-20.2 according to chromosome position. Tissue pattern analysis revealed that 7 genes were highly expressed in grains among 66 C2 family genes (GmC2-03.6, GmC2-02.7, GmC2-07.2, GmC2-18.1, GmC2-18.4, GmC2-19.1 and GmC2-20.2). In order to analyze the effect sites of these genes on soybean oil content, SNP sites in the coding regions of these genes were obtained from SFGB database. Correlation analysis of oil content in two years showed that GmC2-18.1 has SNP loci that significantly affect oil content. The genetic diversity of GmC2-18.1 coding region was analyzed by 12 extreme materials. There was a G/A mutation at 2 038 273 bp in coding region of Wm82.a2.v1 version, which regulated seed oil content. It was preliminarily speculated that this gene played a role in seed development or nutrient accumulation. Then, SNP/InDel molecular markers were developed for GmC2-18.1-G/A gene combined with InDel natural allelic variation site 225 bp upstream of the start codon of GmSWEET39, T/C natural allelic variation site at 8 381 058 bp in coding region of GmST1, A/C natural allelic variation site at the third exon of 41 854 422 bp in coding region of GmMFT. 1 200 soybean germplasm resources from three ecological regions in China were identified by markers in 2 years.【Result】Analysis of variance showed that GmC2-18.1-G, GmSWEET39-Deletion, GmST1-T and GmMFT-A significantly increased oil content by 1.72, 1.95, 1.58 and 2.06 percentage points (P<0.01). The results showed that the average oil content of soybean seeds carrying GmC2-18.1-G, GmSWEET39-Deletion, GmST1-T and GmMFT-A high-oil allele type (PFAT-1) was 22.89%, which increased by about 4.5% compared with that carrying GmC2-18.1-A, GmSWEET39-Insertion, GmST1-C and GmMFT-C low-oil allele type (PFAT-14). 5 percentage points, the contribution rate to oil content is about 21.69%. 【Conclusion】Based on the markers developed above, 115 PFAT-1 high oil alleles were screened. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and Functional Verification of SiCIPK21 Gene in Foxtail Millet DU YanWei, YAN XiaoGuang, ZHAO JinFeng, JIA SuQing, WANG GaoHong, YU AiLi, ZHANG Peng Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (22): 4416-4430.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.22.003 Abstract （208）   HTML （22）    PDF （6709KB）（620）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The Ca2+-CBL-CIPK signaling pathway has important functions in plant response to abiotic stresses. By cloning the SiCIPK21 gene and studying its function under stress conditions, we provide a key candidate gene and theoretical basis for molecular breeding of foxtail millet with stress tolerance.【Method】Bioinformatics was used to analyze the cis-acting elements in the promoter region of this gene and predict the interactions between this protein and AtCBLs in Arabidopsis thaliana. SiCIPK21 was cloned by PCR, and a fusion expression vector was constructed for transient expression in tobacco to determine the subcellular localization. foxtail millet cv. Yugu 1 was used as material, and specifically amplified part of the SiCIPK21 gene fragment from Yugu 1 leaves, and recombinant vector VIGS-pTRV2-SiCIPK21 was constructed, using the phytoene desaturase gene (SiPDS) as the indicator gene, and seedlings of foxtail millet at the two-leaf stage were selected and infiltrated by cotyledon injection to investigate the role of SiCIPK21 under salt stress (250 mmol·L-1 NaCl) by using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) technology. T3 generation transgenic lines were obtained by overexpressing SiCIPK21 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Phenotypes at germination were analyzed under different concentrations of NaCl (150/175 mmol·L-1), mannitol (300/400 mmol·L-1) and ABA (0.25/0.5 μmol·L-1) treatments, and salt and drought tolerant phenotypes at seedling stage were also analyzed.【Result】Subcellular localization revealed that SiCIPK21 was located in the nucleus. The protein SiCIPK21 might interact with AtCBL2, AtCBL3, AtCBL4, AtCBL9, and AtCBL10 in Arabidopsis thaliana. The promoter region of SiCIPK21 contained adverse response elements, suggesting that SiCIPK21 may participate in the adverse responses. The VIGS gene silencing demonstrated that SiCIPK21-silenced foxtail millet plants had increased sensitivity to salt stress than the control plants. Three independent T3 generation Arabidopsis thaliana overexpression lines (2#, 3# and 6#) were obtained by genetic transformation. Overexpression lines showed significantly higher germination rate, germination speed, green cotyledon unfolding rate, root length and fresh weight than the wild-type plants (WT) at different concentrations of NaCl (150/175 mmol·L-1), mannitol (300/400 mmol·L-1) and ABA (0.25/0.5 μmol·L-1). Moreover, phenotypic analysis of salt and drought tolerance in Arabidopsis seedlings showed that overexpression lines had significantly higher survival rates and chlorophyll contents than WT.【Conclusion】SiCIPK21 is a positive regulator of plant response to salt and drought stresses, which makes it a candidate gene for improving stress tolerance by molecular breeding in foxtail millet. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Breeding of the Fusarium Head Blight (FHB)-Resistant Wheat Cultivar Lunxuan 20 Using the Dwarf-Male Sterile Wheat Molecular Strategy in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Region MAI ChunYan, LIU YiKe, LIU HongWei, LI HongJie, YANG Li, WU PeiPei, ZHOU Yang, ZHANG HongJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3719-3729.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.001 Abstract （331）   HTML （29）    PDF （5763KB）（262）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】To develop high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivars in the Yellow and Huai River Valley Winter Wheat Zone (YHWZ), simultaneously improving of yield and resistance was conducted in this study.【Method】Using the elite parent dwarf male sterile (DMS) wheat combined with double haploid (DH) technology and molecular marker assisted selection (MAS) of Fhb1 (DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy), DH lines were developed using Sumai 3 as a donor (FHB- resistant parent) and Zhoumai 16’s DMS wheat, Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136 and Lunxuan 6 as recipient parents. The agronomic traits (plant height, heading date, yield, etc.) and FHB resistance were evaluated for these DH lines.【Result】A total of 51 Fhb1-DH lines characterized by facultative growth habit, semi-dwarf and white grains were selected using this strategy. The average number of infected spikelets of 51 lines were 5.7 and 7.3 at the 2020Henan and 2020Beijing sites, respectively, and average disease severities were 27.7% and 35.2%, which is not different from moderately susceptible control Huaimai 20. There was no significant difference in grain yield per hm2 between the mean performance of the 51 lines and the control Zhoumai 18. DH116 (Lunxuan 20), a promising line from the 51 lines, was further evaluated for FHB resistance and agronomic traits in multiple environments. The resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB was significantly improved, and no significant difference was found in the number of infected spikelets or disease severity between Lunxuan 20 and moderately or highly resistant controls at four sites. Lunxuan 20 showed slightly greater grain yield per hm2, and significantly higher number of spikelets per spike and thousand grain weight (P<0.05), earlier heading date and shorter plant height (P<0.05) than the control Zhoumai 18 in two environments. The grain yield per hm2 of Lunxuan 20 was 4.6% and 1.7% higher than the control cultivar Bainong 207 in the two list trials of Henan Province, and 3.5% higher than Bainong 207 in the demonstration trial. Resistance of Lunxuan 20 to FHB ranged from moderate susceptibility to moderate resistance in two-year list tests using the single-floret injection and spray inoculation methods. Lunxuan 20 carries the semi-dwarfing gene Rht-D1b at the Rht-D1 locus, and the recessive alleles vrn-A1, vrn-B1 and vrn-D1 associated with the winter growth habit at the Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1 and Vrn-D1 loci. Based on the wheat 660K single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 64.7% of the SNPs were shared by Lunxuan 20 and its parents, and the direct genetic contributions of Zhoumai 16, Lunxuan 136, Lunxuan 6 and Sumai 3 to Lunxuan 20 were 69.8%, 12.6%, 6.1% and 11.5%, respectively.【Conclusion】A high-yielding and FHB-resistant wheat cultivar Lunxuan 20 was bred using the DMS wheat molecular breeding strategy. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Comprehensive Evaluation on Production Performance and Nutritional Quality of Different Varieties of Forage Oat in the Qinghai Lake Area WANG XiaoJun, WANG JinLan, JU ZeLiang, LIANG GuoLing, JIA ZhiFeng, LIU WenHui, MA Xiang, MA JinXiu, LI Wen Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3730-3742.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.002 Abstract （223）   HTML （16）    PDF （822KB）（293）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】In order to explore the adaptability of 10 oat (Avena sativa) varieties in the Qinghai Lake area and screen out the high-yield and high-quality oat varieties suitable for planting in this area, so as to provide data support for high-yield and high-quality forage production in this area and similar areas. 【Method】In this study, 10 oat varieties (Avena sativa cv. Qinghai No.444, A. sativa cv. Baiyan No.7, A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4, A. nuda cv. Qingyou No.3, A. sativa cv. Qingyin No.2, A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3, A. sativa cv. Lena, A. sativa cv. Qinghai, A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.1 and A. sativa cv. Longyan No.1) commonly cultivated in Qinghai province were used. The experiment was established using a randomized complete block design. Three experimental blocks, located at least 3 m away from each other, were randomly chosen. Each block contained 10 different oat varieties plots, for a total of 30 plots. The area of each plot was 3 m × 5 m. The experiment was sown in strip. The row spacing was 25 cm and the sowing depth was 3-4 cm. According to the thousand seed weight, purity and germination rate of each variety, the seeding rate of each variety was calculated according to the seedling protection number of 6.75 million plants/hm2. Moreover, the diammonium phosphate (150 kg·hm-2) and urea (75 kg·hm-2) were used as base fertilizer. The seeds were sown on May 16, 2022 and May 19, 2023, and field observations and sample collection were conducted on September 23, 2022 and September 26, 2023, respectively. The production performance and nutritional quality of oat varieties were analyzed, and the piecewise structural equation model was used to explore how varieties, planting years and their interactions affected nutritional quality via agronomic traits and yield traits. Furthermore, the multi-criterion decision model-TOPSIS (Technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal) was used to comprehensively evaluate the various indexes of the tested oat varieties. 【Result】Our results demonstrated that A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3 had the highest plant height (89.4-92.5 cm), and the lowest acid detergent fiber (34.8%-34.9%) and neutral detergent fiber (51.8%-53.4%). The A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4 had the most tillers number (2.7-3.6/plant) and the lowest crude ash content (10.9%-11.3%). The highest of forage yield, crude protein, relative feeding value were found in A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3 and A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4. while the stem/leaf ratio of the A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3 and A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4 were significantly lower than that of other varieties. The highest crude fat was found in A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.1 (3.8%-3.9%). The Pearson correlation analysis showed that the oat yield was positively correlated with crude protein content and relative feeding value, but negatively correlated with acid detergent fiber and crude ash. The stem/leaf ratio was positively correlated with acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber, but negatively correlated with crude protein and relative feeding value. The structural equation model analysis showed that the varieties, planting years and their interactions had direct effects on the oat nutritional quality, and indirectly affected the nutritional quality by affecting plant height, tillering number, stem/leaf ratio and hay yield. The total effect value of stem/leaf ratio was the highest, which was -0.37.【Conclusion】The comprehensive evaluation of TOPSIS model showed that A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.4 and A. sativa cv. Qingyan No.3 could not only maintain higher production performance, but also have higher nutritional quality, which are ideal oat varieties for planting in Qinghai Lake area. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research on the Production Potential of Main Sugarcane Varieties Under Different Planting Modes in Hilly and Mountainous Areas ZHAO Yong, AI Jing, WANG YuTong, ZHANG ZhongFu, YANG HongQi, LI JiaQun, GUO ZhaoJian, LIU HaiJun, QIN Wei, DENG Jun, ZHANG YueBin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (19): 3743-3757.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.19.003 Abstract （284）   HTML （11）    PDF （3568KB）（328）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】The research focused on the production potential of sugarcane main varieties under the different planting modes in mountainous and hilly regions, in order to explore the relationship between the varieties and mechanical adaptation, screen the adaptable varieties for mechanical production, and clarify the main characteristics of the varieties, thus to provide the theory for promoting the completely mechanical production of sugarcane in mountainous and hilly regions.【Method】Two different ecological types of sugarcane production regions in mountainous regions of Yunnan were selected to study the production potential of four main planting varieties, including LC05-136, YZ05-49, YZ05-51, and YZ08-1609, under two different planting modes (the completely mechanical or manual production).【Result】The yield and sucrose content of sugarcane varied between the two factors of varieties and planting modes, and the yield was significantly affected. Under the mechanical production, the yield of YZ08-1609 was significantly higher than that with the treatment of artificial production (P<0.01), while YZ05-51 showed the opposite trend (P<0.01), under the mechanical production, the sucrose content of YZ08-1609 is slightly higher than that with the artificial production (P>0.05), while these of LC05-136 and YZ05-49 were slightly decreased (P>0.05). The planting density and the emergence rate of sugarcane varied with both varieties and production modes. The planting density under the machinery production was generally higher than that under the artificial production, while the emergence rate was generally lower than that with the treatment of the artificial production. The emergence rate of YZ05-51 under the machinery production significantly decreased (P<0.05), while the emergence rate of YZ08-1609 remained relatively stable (P>0.05). The main agronomic traits of sugarcanes varied with both varieties and the production modes. The millable stalks of YZ08-1609 under the machinery production were significantly higher than that under the artificial production (P<0.05); the industrial characteristics were mainly influenced by the variety. YZ08-1609 owned higher growth potential under the machinery production, with significantly higher yield and millable stalks compared with these under the artificial production, and slightly higher sucrose content; YZ05-51 owned higher growth potential under the artificial production with the performance of higher yield under the artificial production. 【Conclusion】Different sugarcane varieties owned the different adaptabilities to the machinery production, like some sugarcane varieties were suitable for the machinery production and some were suitable for the manual production. During pushing forward the progress of the application of mechanical production in sugarcane planting, the adaptability of varieties should be fully considered. Overall, sugarcane varieties suitable for the machinery production should own higher sugarcane yield and more millable stalks, and the sucrose content should be less affected or even slightly higher than that under the manual production. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Starch Gelatinization Traits in Winter Wheat SHANG Hang, CHENG YuKun, REN Yi, GENG HongWei Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3507-3521.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.001 Abstract （235）   HTML （30）    PDF （4539KB）（117）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Starch is the main component of wheat kernel and plays an important role in processing. The gelatinization characteristic of starch is an important index to evaluate its quality. The genetic variation of starch gelatinization was studied to provide basis for improving wheat quality. 【Method】 Seven starch gelatinization traits, including gelatinization temperature, peak time, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, final viscosity, decay value and recovery value, were phenotypically determined in 205 winter wheat varieties. Genome-wide association analysis was performed using 90K chip, and haplotype analysis was performed on the stable and significant sites found. 【Result】 The seven characteristics, such as pasting temperature, showed abundant variation in different environments, and the coefficient of variation of attenuation value was the largest (29.31%-31.14%). There were significant differences among genotype, environment and genotype × environment, and the generalized heritability was 0.69-0.86. Through genome-wide association analysis, we found 198 loci that showed significant associations with seven traits. It was distributed in 20 other linked groups except 6D chromosome. There were 58 sites that were stable in 2 or more environments, involving all 7 traits, such as pasting temperature (10), peak time (5), peak viscosity (12), trough viscosity (10), final viscosity (7), break down (4) and set back (10), which could explain 5.54%-22.21% of genetic variation, twenty-one new sites were identified. By haplotype analysis of multiple effector sites that exist in multiple environments and have high phenotypic contribution, Four haplotypes, Hap1 (66.84%), Hap2 (16.84%), Hap3 (9.70%) and Hap4 (6.63%), were found at Kukri_c17417_407 on chromosome 4A, which were significantly related to peak viscosity and break down. Where Hap2 is the peak viscosity and high break down. (P<0.0001). The distribution frequency of varieties (lines) containing haplotype Hap2 in different ecological regions was from high to low as Huanghuai winter wheat region>foreign varieties>Southwest winter wheat region>Middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River winter wheat region>Northern winter wheat region. There were 11 single cause multieffect sites, among which there were 3 multiple effect sites associated with final viscosity, set back, peak time and trough viscosity. Jagger_c4026_328 and other 11 stable genetic loci located on 1B, 2A, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 5B and 6B were mined, and 11 candidate genes that might be related to wheat starch gelatinization traits were screened. 【Conclusion】 In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. In this study, RVA parameters had high heritability, and the RVA parameters of wheat starch were different in different environments. 58 stable loci were detected that were significantly associated with starch gelatinization traits, and 4 different haplotypes were identified on chromosome 4A that were significantly associated with peak viscosity and break down, and 11 candidate genes related to starch gelatinization were screened, which could provide help for marker-assisted high-quality wheat breeding. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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An EIN3/EIL Family Gene, ZmEIL9 Regulates Grain Development in Maize ZHU JunJie, ZHANG XinYue, PAN MengYing, ZHANG JingWen, ZHENG Qi, LI YuLing, DONG YongBin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3522-3532.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.002 Abstract （355）   HTML （29）    PDF （5579KB）（173）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Grain size and weight are the important factors affecting the yield of maize. The EIN3/EIL gene family is a sort of key transcription factors in the ethylene signaling transduction pathway, and the functions and regulatory mechanisms of the EIN3/EIL gene ZmEIL9 were analyzed in maize kernel development to elucidate its molecular mechanisms.【Method】 The expression patterns of ZmEIL9 in maize kernel at different developmental stages were analyzed by bioinformatics and RT-qPCR. The multiple sequence alignment of ZmEIL9 and its homologs from different species was performed, and the phylogenetic trees was constructed based on the neighbor-joining method. The sequence characteristics of ZmEIL9 protein were analyzed, and subcellular localization of ZmEIL9 was performed. The insertion mutants of Mu transposon and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutants of ZmEIL9 were screened, and the agronomic traits including grain filling rate, storage substances such as starch granule and protein content were analyzed. 【Result】 According to the members of EIN3/EIL family in maize, phylogenetic trees showed that ZmEIL9 was closely related to ZmEIL1 and SbEIL1. In the transcriptomic database of maize inbred line B73, the expression levels of ZmEIL9 were higher in the grain at early and late developmental stages. However, the expression levels were higher in inbred line N04 at the middle and late developmental stages. ZmEIL9 encoded 644 amino acids in the inbred lines Dan232 and N04, while its homolog in inbred line B73 has 642 amino acids. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that ZmEIL9 was localized in nucleus. The ZmEIL9 mutants with different Mu transposon insertion sites and CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutants with amino acid frameshift mutations were obtained, respectively. The plant height, grain length, and 100-grain weight of Mu mutants and knockout mutants were significantly lower than those of its wild counterpart. The grain dry weights at different developmental stages were also analyzed, and the grain filling rates of Zmeil9 mutant were lower than those of the wild type. The starch granules of Zmeil9 mutant were significantly smaller and had an irregular shape based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. The contents of total starch and the concentration of zein protein in the Zmeil9 mutant were significantly lower than those in the control. 【Conclusion】ZmEIL9 plays an important regulatory role in the kernel development of maize. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Phenotypical Variation and Dynamic QTL Mapping of Plant Height in Foxtail Millet at Different Developmental Stages LIU DeLong, LI ShiRu, WANG ChuanXing, GUO ShuQing, MA ZhiXiu, WU YongJiang, HAN HuiBing, LI YuJie, ZHANG PanPan, YANG Pu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (18): 3533-3550.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.18.003 Abstract （268）   HTML （24）    PDF （3552KB）（146）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】 Plant height is a trait that plays an important role in the increase of foxtail millet yield. The dynamic changes of foxtail millet plant height at different growth stages were studied, and the QTL loci and effects controlling plant height were identified to provide a theoretical basis for plant type breeding of foxtail millet. 【Method】 In this study, a recombinant inbred line population YRRIL containing 215 lines were used as the research object, and the YRRIL population was planted in two environments, Yulin, Shaanxi and Mizhi, Shaanxi, in May 2023, respectively. The phenotypic values of plant height trait of each family were measured at five stages: seedling, elongation, booting, tasseling, and ripening period, respectively. Combined with the genetic linkage map of the YRRIL population, genetic analysis and dynamic QTL mapping of plant height trait at different growth stages of millet were carried out, and the unconditional QTL and conditional QTL controlling plant height of millet were identified. On this basis, candidate gene prediction for important QTL was carried out using Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis methods. 【Result】 In the entire growth period of the millet plant height growth trend was the “S” type curve, from the elongation stage to the booting stage, the growth rate of plant height was faster, which was the key stage of plant height development. In the two environments, plant height of each family line of the population showed continuous distribution at different periods. A total of 86 QTL related to plant height were detected at five periods in the two environments, which were distributed on all 9 chromosomes of the foxtail millet genome. It contained 48 unconditional QTL and 38 conditional QTL, and the phenotypic contribution rate of unconditional QTL was 1.13%-17.49%, of which 6 could be detected repeatedly at two growth periods, and the rest were detected only at one growth period. The phenotypic contribution rate of conditional QTL was 1.97%-14.69%, of which one could be detected repeatedly at two growth stages, and the rest were detected only at one growth stage. No QTL that can be detected in three or more periods were present in either unconditional QTL analysis or conditional QTL analysis. A total of 12 major QTL were detected by unconditional QTL and conditional QTL analysis in two environments, of which 6 QTL were newly identified as primary loci in this study. Based on the prediction and analysis of genes within the main effect QTL interval combined with functional annotation of homologous genes screened out 14 candidate genes that might be related to foxtail millet plant height, among which Seita.1G242300.1, Seita.6G110200.1, and Seita.7G143300.1 were all able to directly regulate plant height development. 【Conclusion】 In the two environments, a large number of QTL were detected to be involved in the phenotypic regulation of plant height trait during the whole growth and development of foxtail millet, with 79 (91.86%) played a role in one period and 7 (8.14%) played a role in two periods and there were no QTL detected in three or more periods, including 12 major QTL. The QTL detected by unconditional and conditional analysis methods accounted for 55.81% and 44.19%, respectively, and 16 (18.60%) were both unconditional and conditional QTL. The QTL effects controlling plant height development at different stages varied, with smaller effect in the seedling stage and generally larger effects from the elongation to the tasseling stage. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Construction of ms1 Basic Recurrent Populations Adapted to Different Ecological Regions Using Maturity Genes E1 and E2 in Soybean HU XueJie, LIU LuPing, WANG FengMin, HAN YuHua, SUN BinCheng, MA QiBin, HUANG ZhiPing, FENG Yan, CHEN Qiang, YANG ChunYan, ZHANG MengChen, ZHANG Kai, QIN Jun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3305-3317.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.001 Abstract （459）   HTML （47）    PDF （1730KB）（383）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Soybean is a short day crop that is sensitive to photoperiod, and it maybe lead to premature or late flowering when it is planted in different ecological areas. Therefore, in the application of ms1 (male sterility 1) basic population for recurrent selection in different ecological regions, there are problems such as the flowering time unsynchronization between local donor parents and acceptor sterile plants and low introduction rate. The purpose of this study is to construct ms1 basic recurrent population adapted to three ecological regions for improving the probability of flowering time synchronization between donor parents and acceptor sterile plants and reveal the changes of maturity genes E1 and E2 genotypes and phenotype of each population after two rounds of cross-fertilize for providing evidence for improvement of the flowering and maturity time of soybeans.【Method】We used 528 donor parents from different ecological regions and the ms1 basic population as materials. The donor parents were genotyping with the KASP markers of maturity genes E1 and E2 reported by previous research. The donor parents were classified according to E1 and E2 genotypes and mixed with seeds of ms1 basic population respectively, and these populations were planted in different ecological areas according to the suitable genotypes of each region for two rounds of cross-fertilize in two years. Northeast ecological region population was planted in Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia and Chengde, Hebei, respectively. Huang-Huai-Hai ecological region population was planted in Shijiazhuang, Hebei and Xuchang, Henan. South ecological region population was planted in Guangzhou, Guangdong. Seeds harvested from different ms1 populations were planted in Sanya, Hainan every winter. The flowering and maturity time of donor parents and ms1 basic population were investigated, and the proportions of E1 and E2 genotypes in populations of different region were calculated.【Result】According to genotypes of maturity genes E1 and E2, the donor parents were divided into four groups E1E1/E2E2, E1E1/e2e2, e1e1/E2E2 and e1e1/e2e2 with ratios of 12.1%, 65.0%, 19.3%, and 3.6%, respectively. In the ms1 basic population, the late flowering genotype E1E1/E2E2 had the highest proportion (48.6%), and the flowering time of the population was late, mainly concentrated in 45-51 days. After two rounds of import by cross-fertilize, the percentage of target genotype e1e1/e2e2 increased from 33.0% to 51.6% in Hulunbuir of Northeast China, and the percentage of the e1e1/e2e2 genotype increased from 1.6% to 8% in Chengde. The percentage of target genotype e1e1/E2E2 increased from 18% to 23.1% in Shijiazhuang of Huang-Huai-Hai ecological area, and the percentage of E1E1/e2e2 increased from 12.5% to 30% in Xuchang, respectively. The percentage of E1E1/E2E2 remains above 80% in Guangzhou of South ecological region. The proportion of heterozygous genotypes of target imported genotypes was also increasing in the population. After two rounds of cross-fertilize, there were significant differences in flowering time among ms1 populations of different ecological regions, indicating that phenotypes of different populations also changed with the change of genotype of flowering genes.【Conclusion】Importing genotype of donor parents into the ms1 population based on their genotypes of flowering genes can increase the frequency of suitable genotypes in each ecological region, construct ms1 basic recurrent populations adapted to different ecological regions, increase the probability of flower time synchronization of local donor parents and acceptor ms1 sterile plants, achieve open pollination, gene aggregation and accumulation in soybean, and enrich the genetic diversity of the population, further improve breeding efficiency. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on Detection Methods for Gene-Edited Organisms WU YuHua, ZHAI ShanShan, PU HaoZhen, GAO HongFei, ZHANG Hua, LI Jun, LI YunJing, XIAO Fang, WU Gang, XU LiQun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3318-3334.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.002 Abstract （307）   HTML （28）    PDF （570KB）（210）       Knowledge map    Save Gene editing techniques have made gene edited (GE) organisms enter commercial applications from laboratories. In 2022, the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs specifically issued the “Guidelines for Safety Evaluation of Genetically Edited Plants for Agricultural Use (Trial)” for the safety evaluation of GE plants without introducing exogenous genes. In 2023, China granted the first biosafety certificate for GE soybean AE15-18-1, marking the official start of the commercialization process of GE crops in China. GE organisms are different from traditional genetically modified organisms (GMOs) containing exogenous DNA sequences, making common GM detection strategies inapplicable to the detection of GE organisms. As the industrialization of GE crops progresses positively, how to efficiently and accurately detect whether a product is gene-edited and its editing characteristics is an important basis for the commercial use and intellectual property protection of GE products. There is an urgent need to develop detection technologies suitable for GE products. With the goal of detecting whether the target sequence has been edited, many detection technologies have been developed based on PCR, sequencing, and other technologies, and are widely used in the screening of GE products in the research and development process. After industrialization, safety supervision and intellectual property protection require not only the detection of whether the sample has been edited but also the rapid identification of the nucleotide sequence characteristics of the sample to determine its origin and identity. Subsequently, precise quantification of the GE components is necessary to determine whether quantitative labeling is required. Currently, it is difficult to quickly identify the identity of GE products with only a few base insertions, deletions, and single nucleotide variations (SNV) using conventional PCR or sequencing technologies. It is even more challenging to accurately quantify the content of GE components. Aiming at the rapid identification of the DNA sequence characteristics after editing and precise quantification, based on the molecular characteristics of GE products, this paper reviews the application of the gel electrophoresis-based PCR method, the sequencing-based method, the real-time PCR-based method, the digital PCR-based method, the editing enzyme-based method, and the instrument-based method in detection of GE organisms, and expounds the advantages and disadvantages of each method during detection. This review initially explores the detection and quantification strategies suitable for GE organisms and provides a reference for subsequent development of detection methods for GE organisms. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Cloning and Biological Function Verification of Alfalfa MsSPL17 CHEN FeiEr, ZHANG ZhiPeng, JIANG QingXue, MA Lin, WANG XueMin Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (17): 3335-3349.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.17.003 Abstract （274）   HTML （36）    PDF （9464KB）（175）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Branching is a significant factor influencing alfalfa yield, and the SPL family of transcription factors represents a crucial class of regulatory genes involved in branching (tillering) development in a diverse range of plants. The objective of this reserch is to investigate the biological function of MsSPL17 in alfalfa and to elucidate the role of MsSPL17 in regulating the development of alfalfa meristems. This will provide a valuable reference for alfalfa high-yield biological breeding.【Method】Bioinformatics methods were used to anlyze MsSPL17 sequences and also constructing a phylogenetic tree. The tissue expression specificity of MsSPL17 in alfalfa was analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (qPCR). The subcellular localization of MsSPL17 protein was determined by tobacco transient expression system, and the transcriptional self-activation activity of MsSPL17 was verified. The transgenic alfalfa was obtained by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and phenotypic analysis was carried out. Transcriptome analysis was utilized to screen for differentially expressed genes in transgenic lines and validate them for further research.【Result】MsSPL17 contained an open reading frame of 1 011 bp, encoding a protein composed of 366 amino acids, belonging to the SBP protein family. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the evolution of MsSPL17 and its homologous genes was highly similar to the differentiation of species, indicating that it is a functional conserved gene. MsSPL17 expressed in all tissues, including stems, nodes, leaves and tops during the critical period of alfalfa growth and development, implied the necessary regulating function of this gene in alfalfa branching. Subcellular localization assay showed that MsSPL17 protein was localized in the nucleus. Transcriptional self-activation assay showed that MsSPL17 did not have self-activation activity and could be used in interacting proteins screening. MsSPL17 transgenic silenced lines exhibited a notable phenotype, including an increase in branch number and stem node number, a reduction in internode length, and an enhancement in nutritional quality.【Conclusion】MsSPL17 was successfully cloned, it expressed in key tissues of alfalfa branching development. The protein encoded by MsSPL17 was localized in the nucleus and demonstrated no transcriptional self-activation activity. Transgenic lines exhibiting multi-branching traits were obtained, and the number of branches increased significantly in yield, while the crude protein content increased in quality. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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QTN Mining and Candidate Gene Screening of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seed-Related Traits BAI BingNan, QIAO Dan, GE Qun, LUAN YuJuan, LIU XiaoFang, LU QuanWei, NIU Hao, GONG JuWu, GONG WanKui, ELAMEER ELSAMMAN, YAN HaoLiang, LI JunWen, LIU AiYing, SHI YuZhen, WANG HaiZe, YUAN YouLu Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 2901-2913.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.001 Abstract （602）   HTML （119）    PDF （3621KB）（568）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】Exploring the genetic loci and related genes that control cottonseed size traits to lay a foundation for subsequent study on the molecular mechanism cottonseed size formation. 【Method】The upland cotton recombinant inbred line (RIL) population composed of 300 lines was used as the research material. Seven phenotypic traits including cottonseed index (SI), seed length-cutting acreage (SLA), seed length-cutting perimeter (SLP), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), length-width ratio (LWR) and seed roundness (SR) were evaluated in four environments. The RIL population was genotyped by liquid phase chip strategy. The high-quality single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers and phenotypic data were subjected to perform genome-wide association study (GWAS), and quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) associated with cottonseed size-related traits were mined. The genetic effects of QTNs were analyzed to identify candidate genes. 【Result】Seven cottonseed size-related traits showed a continuous normal distribution in four environments, which expressed a sizable phenotypic variation. The coefficient of variation ranged from 1.82% to 10.70%. The influencing effect on trait formation were basically as genotype>environment>genotype × environment, indicating suitability for GWAS analysis of these results. Correlation analysis showed that the seed index was significantly correlated with SLA, SLP, SL and SW, and LWR was significantly correlated with SR, indicating the possible existence of pleiotropic loci. GWAS was performed using the 3VmrMLM model, and a total of 47 QTNs were associated with these seven traits. A total of 11 QTNs were associated on chromosome A07, of which three physical loci in the region of 71.99-72.87 Mb, A07:71993462, A07:72067994 and A07:72198802 were very close and simultaneously associated with SI, SLA, SLP, SL and SW in four environments. The average value of R2 between markers was>0.8 (P<0.001), showing a large linkage disequilibrium. Genetic effect analysis showed that there were two haplotypes in this region. Among these cottonseed size relating traits, haplotype Ⅱ and haplotype I were significantly different, indicating that these loci directly affected cottonseed size traits and could be used for molecular marker-assisted selection. The expression patterns of the genes in the interval were analyzed using TM-1 transcriptome data. The results revealed that Gh_A07G1767 was preferentially expressed and Gh_A07G1766 specifically expressed at the stage of cottonseed development. These results speculated that these genes may play an important role in the growth and development of cottonseed.【Conclusion】47 QTNs were identified, and two candidate genes related to cottonseed development were screened. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Combining Ability Analysis on Quality Traits and Breeding Potential Evaluation of 23 Waxy Maize Lines from Laos ZHU ChunTao, REN DanDan, LIU ZhengCen, LIU ChangChuang, LIU RuiQi, ZHENG HongJian, HU ErLiang, LIN HaiJian, LI JingWei, LU YanLi, WANG QingJun Scientia Agricultura Sinica    2024, 57 (15): 2931-2945.   DOI: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.15.003 Abstract （258）   HTML （23）    PDF （6263KB）（486）       Knowledge map    Save 【Objective】High-quality is the primary target for waxy maize breeding. The aim of this study is to screen lines with high general combining ability and excellent hybrids with high-quality traits, which will clarify the breeding potential of these lines from Laos and lay a foundation in breeding high-quality waxy maize varieties.【Method】Using the Maize6H-60K chip, high quality genotype data of 33 waxy maize materials were obtained for cluster analysis. Combined with the iodine staining experiment and molecular detection of waxy genes, these types of waxy genes from early-generation maize lines from Laos were identified. Through the incomplete diallel cross experiment, phenotype identification and combining ability analysis of quality and other traits of 439 combinations were carried out to clarify the breeding potential of waxy maize lines with early generation from Laos. An experiment of quality traits evaluation with multi-person was conducted on these selected combinations with advantages to identify the most promising high-quality waxy maize hybrids. 【Result】Clustering analysis was conducted based on 56 626 high quality SNP, and the results showed that these lines from Laos and domestic materials belong to different branches and can be clearly distinguished. All 23 lines with early generation from Laos were waxy maize, among which 16 lines belonged to the wx-D10 type, three lines belonged to the wx-D7 type, and the other four lines were unknown types. The heritability of quality traits of waxy maize materials from Laos is low, ranging from 0.14 to 0.35, which is suitable for selection in higher generations. The average stewing quality of 439 combinations was significantly higher than that of the control Jingkenuo2000 and Shinuo2, but there was no significant difference from Yunuo7. The general combining ability effects of all quality traits of waxy maize lines F02, F22, F25, and F28 were positive, which could be used to improve quality traits of domestic waxy maize in China. Furthermore, these combinations M02×F02 and M22×F22 were evaluated as excellent in multi-person quality traits evaluation experiments by approximately 86% of all tasters.【Conclusion】These local varieties of waxy maize from Laos have rich genetic variation, with a certain genetic distance from domestic waxy maize inbred lines. There may also exist new alleles of waxy gene in these lines from Laos. In addition, these waxy maize lines from Laos have obvious advantages in quality traits, including waxy quality, pericarp thickness and other traits, which can be used as valuable germplasm for improving the quality traits of domestic waxy maize in China. Table and Figures | Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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