氮肥后移及间作对玉米光合特性的耦合效应

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.21.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】针对绿洲灌区覆膜玉米氮素需求前移，后期脱肥问题，通过探讨氮肥后移对间作玉米光合生理特性及产量的影响，以期揭示间作玉米产量形成的光合机制。【方法】2019—2021年，在河西绿洲灌区以玉米为试验材料，采用裂区试验设计，主因素为种植模式，设玉米间作豌豆和单作玉米2个水平，副因素为3个施氮制度（氮肥后移20%，氮肥后移10%，常规施氮不后移），研究氮肥后移及间作模式下，玉米的光合生理特性和产量表现。【结果】与常规施氮不后移相比，氮肥后移20%和氮肥后移10%处理下间作玉米籽粒产量分别提高28.5%、13.8%，生物产量分别提高23.8%、12.5%;单作玉米籽粒产量分别提高29.7%、13.3%，生物产量分别提高19.6%、10.3%。相同占地面积下，间作较单作玉米籽粒产量增加33.2%—35.1%，生物产量增加26.8%—31.5%。同时，氮肥后移20%和氮肥后移10%处理较常规施氮不后移提高了间作群体籽粒产量27.2%、12.9%。说明，间作较单作模式可提高玉米产量，且氮肥后移处理较常规施氮促进了间作产量的提高。与单作模式相比较，间作玉米可保持较高的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率，较低的胞间CO₂浓度，且氮肥后移处理具有促进作用。氮肥后移20%、氮肥后移10%较常规施氮不后移处理玉米净光合速率分别提高12.8%、6.0%;气孔导度分别提高14.0%、6.9%;蒸腾速率分别提高20.5%、9.5%;胞间CO₂浓度分别降低29.8%、13.1%。间作模式下，氮肥后移20%、氮肥后移10%处理玉米全生育期叶片相对叶绿素含量（SPAD值）较常规施氮不后移处理分别提高7.5%、3.7%。主成分分析结果表明，氮肥后移和间作主要通过提高净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、叶片相对叶绿素含量和降低胞间CO₂浓度来增加玉米产量。【结论】氮肥后移20%（玉米拔节期追肥36 kg·hm^-2+吐丝后15 d追肥108 kg·hm^-2）有利于间作玉米光合特性提高，从而促进玉米增产。

关键词: 玉米, 光合特性, 氮肥后移, 间作

Abstract:

【Objective】The problem for film-mulched maize in the oasis irrigation region was an advanced nitrogen (N) requirement and led to the insufficient supply of N at the late growth stages. In this study, the effects of N-fertilizer postponing application on intercropped maize photosynthetic physiological characteristics and grain yield were studied, so as to reveal the photosynthetic mechanism of intercropped maize grain yield advantage in the experimental area. 【Method】From 2019 to 2021, the maize was used as experimental materials in Hexi oasis irrigation region. The split-plot experiment design was adopted, among which pea/maize intercropping and maize monoculture were the main factors, and three N fertilizer postponing application (postponing ration 20%, 10%, and traditional practice) were the secondary factors. Then, this field experiment was used to investigate the photosynthetic physiological characteristics and yield performance of maize under N-fertilizer postponing application and intercropping pattern. 【Result】The results demonstrated that the grain yield of intercropped maize under the postponing application of 20% N-fertilizer and 10% was increased by 28.5% and 13.8%, and biomass yield by 23.8% and 12.5%, respectively, compared with traditional N management practices. Similarly, compared with traditional N management practice, the grain yield of sole maize under the postponing application of 20% N-fertilizer and 10% was also increased by 29.7% and 13.3%, and biomass yield by 19.6% and 10.3%, respectively. Compared with the monoculture maize, intercropping could increase the grain yield by 33.2%-35.1% and biomass yield by 26.8%-31.5% under the same area. Furthermore, the postponing application of 20% N-fertilizer and 10% increased the population grain yield of intercropping pattern by 27.2% and 12.9%, respectively, compared with the traditional N management practice. The results showed that intercropping pattern could increase the grain yield of maize compared with the sole pattern, and the N fertilizer postponing application also boosted the improvement of grain yield in the intercropping system compared with the traditional N management practice. During the whole growth periods, the intercropping increased the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, and decreased intercellular CO₂ concentration. Compared with traditional N management, the net photosynthetic rate under the postponing application of 20% N-fertilizer and 10% was increased by 12.8% and 6.0%, the stomatal conductance by 14.0% and 6.9%, and the transpiration rate by 20.5% and 9.5%, respectively, while the intercellular CO₂ concentration was decreased by 29.8% and 13.1%, respectively. The SPAD value under the postponing application of 20% N-fertilizer and 10% was increased by 7.5% and 3.7%, respectively. The principal component analysis results showed that the N-fertilizer postponing application and intercropping pattern could increase the grain yield via boosting the net photosynthetic rate, the stomatal conductance, the transpiration rate, and leaf SPAD value, and decreasing intercellular CO₂ concentration. 【Conclusion】N-fertilizer postponing application 20% treatment (36 kg·hm^-2 N fertilizer was topdressing at maize jointing stage and 108 kg·hm^-2 at 15 d post-silking stage) had the advantage of improving the photosynthetic characteristics of intercropped maize, thereby boosting the grain yield improvement.

Key words: Zea mays, physiological characteristics, N-fertilizer postponing application, intercropping

徐珂,樊志龙,殷文,赵财,于爱忠,胡发龙,柴强. 氮肥后移及间作对玉米光合特性的耦合效应[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(21): 4131-4143.

XU Ke,FAN ZhiLong,YIN Wen,ZHAO Cai,YU AiZhong,HU FaLong,CHAI Qiang. Coupling Effects of N-fertilizer Postponing Application and Intercropping on Maize Photosynthetic Physiological Characteristics[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(21): 4131-4143.

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种植模式 Cropping system	代码 Code	基肥 Base fertilizer	追肥N fertilizer topdressing (kg·hm^-2)			后移比例 Postponed percentage	总施氮量 Total fertilizer
种植模式 Cropping system	代码 Code	基肥 Base fertilizer	拔节期 Jointing	大喇叭口期Pre-tasseling	吐丝后15 d 15 d after silking	后移比例 Postponed percentage	总施氮量 Total fertilizer
间作 Intercropping	IN1	42	21	83	63	20%	209
	IN2	42	42	83	42	10%	209
	IN3	42	63	83	21	—	209
单作 Monoculture	SN1	72	36	144	108	20%	360
	SN2	72	72	144	72	10%	360
	SN3	72	108	144	36	—	360

处理 Treatment	籽粒产量Grain yield (kg·hm^-2)						生物产量Biomass (kg·hm^-2)						收获指数Harvest index
	2019		2020		2021		2019		2020		2021		2019	2020	2021
	玉米 Maize	总产量 Total	玉米 Maize	总产量 Total	玉米 Maize	总产量 Total	玉米 Maize	总产量 Total	玉米 Maize	总产量 Total	玉米 Maize	总产量 Total	玉米 Maize
IN1	10508b	12917ab	11084c	13626b	10664c	13103ab	22505d	27401b	23416d	28665b	22630d	28031b	0.467a	0.473a	0.471a
IN2	9523b	11785b	9349d	11587cd	9707cd	11817bc	20914e	25560c	20160e	24887d	21186e	25997c	0.455ab	0.464a	0.459a
IN3	8136c	10228c	8309e	10443e	8659d	10483d	17979f	22380d	18265f	22868e	19110f	23435d	0.453ab	0.456a	0.454a
SN1	13575a	13575a	14537a	14537a	13692a	13692a	29340a	29340a	31325a	31325a	29502a	29502a	0.462a	0.464a	0.464a
SN2	12429a	12429ab	11903b	11903c	12192b	12192b	27434b	27434b	26748b	26748c	27596b	27596b	0.453ab	0.445a	0.442a
SN3	10529b	10529c	10924c	10924de	10772c	10772cd	25131c	25131c	25029c	25029d	25221c	25221c	0.419b	0.437a	0.427a
显著性 Significance
种植模式 Cropping system (C)	**	NS	**	*	**	NS	**	**	**	**	**	**	NS	NS	NS
施氮制度 Nitrogen management (N)	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	**	NS	NS	NS
种植模式×施氮制度（C×N）	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS	NS