不同种植区玉米生理成熟后田间站秆脱水的积温需求

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.04.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】机械粒收背景下,明确不同种植区玉米生理成熟后田间站秆籽粒脱水至适宜收获期的积温需求,以期为各种植区选育适宜粒收品种,合理安排农事作业和提高机械利用效率提供理论指导。【方法】 2014—2018年,在西北灌溉春玉米、北方春玉米和黄淮海夏玉米产区的典型试验点,选用141个不同熟期的主栽玉米品种,系统观测了籽粒含水率的动态变化,结合气象数据,分析不同产区玉米生理成熟后田间站秆籽粒脱水至含水率25%、20%的积温需求。【结果】不同产区玉米生理成熟期籽含水率不同,黄淮海夏玉米区参试品种的生理成熟期含水率均值为28.5%,西北灌溉春玉米区和北方春玉米区分别为29.9%、29.6%。相关分析表明,不同品种的生育期与生理成熟期籽粒含水率之间无显著相关性。以生理成熟至25%、20%含水率积温和生理成熟期含水率为指标,运用双向平均法将参试品种划分为积温需求少含水率高（I）、积温需求多含水率高（II）、积温需求少含水率低（III）、积温需求多含水率低（IV）4种类型。对于西北地区、华北地区和东北地区一年一熟的春播来说,可以选择III、IV类型品种,但是IV类型品种需要预留足够的积温来进行田间站秆脱水。对于黄淮海地区一年两熟的夏玉米,III类型品种能够较好协调小麦和玉米的生产调配,充分利用可供籽粒脱水的积温的余量。【结论】由于区域间玉米脱水期间热量条件的不同,玉米籽粒生理成熟至25%、20%含水率的天数均表现为西北灌溉春玉米区长于北方春玉米区、黄淮海夏玉米区。通过选择适合不同区域的积温类型品种、科学制定收获时间,可以有效降低收获时籽粒含水率和提高收获质量。

关键词: 玉米, 生理成熟期, 籽粒含水率, 站秆脱水, 积温需求, 机械粒收

Abstract:

【Objective】Under the background of mechanical grain harvesting, the purpose of this study was to determine the accumulated temperature requirements of maize in different planting regions after physiological maturity by dehydration to the suitable harvest date, so as to provide the theoretical guidance for selecting suitable grain harvesting varieties, and rationally arrange agricultural operations and improve mechanical utilization efficiency in each planting region. 【Method】From 2014 to 2018, 141 maize varieties with different maturity periods selected to observe the dynamic changes of grain moisture content at typical test points in the northwest maize region (NW), the north maize region (NM) and Huang-huai-hai maize region (HM). Combining with meteorological date, the accumulated temperature requirements of maize field stalk dehydration to 25% and 20% grain moisture content after the physiological maturity were analyzed in different production regions. 【Result】The grain moisture content was different at physiological maturity in different production regions. The average grain moisture content was 28.5%, 29.9% and 29.6% in HM, NW and NM, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between the growth period of different varieties and the grain moisture content at physiological maturity. The accumulated temperature of grain moisture content from physiological maturity to 25%, 20% and grain moisture content at physiological maturity were used as indexes. By using the two-way average method, the tested varieties were divided into 4 types, including low accumulated temperature demand and high moisture content (I), high accumulated temperature demand and high moisture content (II), low accumulated temperature demand and low moisture content (III), and high accumulated temperature and low moisture content (IV). For the northwest China, north China and northeast China, III and IV could be selected, but IV varieties needed to reserve enough accumulated temperature to dehydrate in the field. While the summer maize with growing twice a year in the Huanghuaihai region, III varieties could better coordinate the production and allocation of wheat and maize, and make full use of the excess temperature that could be used for grain dehydration. 【Conclusion】 Because of different dehydrating conditions such as temperature, the days when grain moisture content from physiological maturity to 25%, 20% showed that the northwest maize region was longer than the north maize region and Huang-huai-hai maize region. Grain moisture content and harvest quality can be effectively reduced by selecting the accumulated temperature varieties suitable for different regions and scientifically setting the harvest date.

Key words: maize, physiological maturity, grain moisture content, stand stalk dehydration, accumulated temperature requirements, mechanical grain harvesting

黄兆福, 李璐璐, 侯梁宇, 高尚, 明博, 谢瑞芝, 侯鹏, 王克如, 薛军, 李少昆. 不同种植区玉米生理成熟后田间站秆脱水的积温需求[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(4): 680-691.

HUANG ZhaoFu, LI LuLu, HOU LiangYu, GAO Shang, MING Bo, XIE RuiZhi, HOU Peng, WANG KeRu, XUE Jun, LI ShaoKun. Accumulated Temperature Requirement for Field Stalk Dehydration After Maize Physiological Maturity in Different Planting Regions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(4): 680-691.

图/表 8

表1

不同区域种植玉米品种"

区域 Region	玉米品种名称 Maize cultivar
西北灌溉春玉米区 The northwest maize region (NW)	矮单268、登海113、登海117、登海119、登海1733、登海318、登海1786、登海1769、登海105、登海177、登海1739、KWS3376、KWS3564、KWS9384、KWS01、新玉27、新玉30、新玉32、新玉47、新玉65、新玉69、新玉77、陕单628、陕单636、陕单650、陕单16、锦华150、农华205、农华213、农华106、YY119、银玉274、YY137、银玉369、宁玉524、宁玉525、联创808、联创825、泽玉501、泽玉8911、先玉335、京科968、中农777、M753、M751、丰垦139、真金323、真金308、MC670、北斗309、金珠58、利单295、辽单575、辽单585、辽单586、豫单9953、增玉1317、增玉1572、郑单528、郑单958、郑单309、郑单1002、东单913、正泰101、德丰586、富尔116、九玉Y02、吉单66、吉单558 Aidan268(AD268), Denghai113(DH113), Denghai117(DH117), Denghai119(DH119), Denghai1733(DH1733), Denghai318 (DH318), Denghai1786(DH1786), Denghai1769(DH1769), Denghai105(DH105), Denghai177(DH177), Denghai1739(DH1739), KWS3376, KWS3564, KWS9384, KWS01, Xinyu27(XY27), Xinyu30(XY30), Xinyu32(XY32), Xinyu47(XY47), Xinyu65(XY65), Xinyu69(XY69), Xinyu77(XY77), Shandan628(SD628), Shandan636(SD636), Shandan650(SD650), Shandan16(SD16), Jinhua150 (JH150), Nonghua205(NH205), Nonghua213(NH213), Nonghua106(NH106), YY119, Yinyu274(YY274), YY137, Yinyu369(YY369), Ningyu524 (NY524), Ningyu525(NY525), Lianchuang808(LC808), Lianchuang825(LC825), Zeyu501(ZY501), Zeyu8911(ZY8911), Xianyu335(XY335), Jingke968(JK968), Zhongnong777(ZN777), M753, M751, Fengken139(FK139), Zhenjin323(ZJ323), Zhenjin308(ZJ308), MC670, Beidou309(BD309), Jinzhu58(JZ58), Lidan295(LD295), Liaodan575(LD575), Liaodan585(LD585), Liaodan586(LD586), Yudan9953(YD9953), Zengyu1317(ZY1317), Zengyu1572(ZY1572), Zhengdan528 (ZD528), Zhengdan958 (ZD958), Zhengdan309(ZD309), Zhengdan1002(ZD1002), Dongdan913(DD913), Zhengtai101(ZT101), Defeng586(DF586), Fuer116(FE116), JiuyuY02(JYY02), Jidan66(JD66), Jidan558(JD558)
北方春玉米区 The north maize region (NM)	A6565、BY1、KX9384、M751、丹玉311、德美亚1号、德美亚2号、德美亚3号、德育919、登海739、登海769、登海786、迪卡159、迪卡517、东单1331、东单6531、东单913、敦玉323、丰垦139、富育968、禾田4号、宏硕899、宏玉236、华美1号、吉单1402、吉单66、吉单68、吉单898、吉单96、吉农大935、京农科728、京科968、利单295、粒收1号、联创825、辽单585、辽单586、农大239、农华103、农华213、农华803、瑞普909、陕单620、陕单636、铁研388、铁研58、先玉1321、先玉335、翔玉998、鑫鑫1号、银玉123、银玉274、银玉439、优迪919、泽玉501、泽玉8911、增玉1572、郑单958、中单107、中迪702、中迪710 A6565, BY1, KX9384, M751, Danyu311(DY311), Demeiya1(DMY1), Demeiya2(DMY2), Demeiya3(DMY3), Deyu919(DY919), Denghai739(DH1739), Denghai769(DH769), Denghai786(DH786), Dika159(DK159), Dika517(DK517), Dongdan1331(DD1331), Dongdan6531(DD6531), Dongdan913(DD913), Dunyu323(DY323), Fengken139(FK139), Fuyu968(FY968), Hetian4(HT4), Hongshuo899(HS899), Hongyu236(HY236), Huamei1(HM1), Jidan1402(JD1402), Jidan66(JD66), Jidan68(JD68), Jidan898 (JD898), Jidan96(JD96), Jinongda935(JND935), Jingnongke728(JNK728), Jingke968(JK968), Lidan295(LD295), Lishou1(LS1), Lianchuang825(LC825), Liaodan585(LD585), Liaodan586(LD586), Nongda239(NH239), Nonghua103(NH103), Nonghua213 (NH213), Nonghua803(NH803), Rupu909(RP909), Shandan620(SD620), Shandan636(SD636), Tieyan388(TY388), Tieyan58 (TY58), Xianyu1321(XY1321), Xianyu335(XY335), Xiangyu998(XY998), Xinxin1(XX1), Yinyu123(YY123), Yinyu274(YY274), Yinyu439(YY439), Youdi919(YD919), Zeyu501(ZY501), Zeyu8911(ZY8911), Zengyu1572(ZY1572), Zhengdan958(ZD958), Zhongdan107(ZD107), Zhongdi702(ZD702), Zhongdi710(ZD710)
黄淮海夏玉米区 The Huang-huai-hai maize region (HM)	KWS1568、KWS3564、M751、MC670、北斗309、丹玉8201、登海618、迪卡517、迪卡519、迪卡653、东单913、丰垦139、富育5152、恒育898、户玉3518、华美1号、吉单66、金通152、锦华207、锦华318、京农科728、利单295、联创805、联创808、联创825、辽单575、辽单585、辽单586、辽单588、宁玉721、农华101、农华5号、农华816、陕单636、陕单650、先玉335、先玉696、新单58、新单65、新单68、新玉77、宇玉30、裕丰303、豫单9953、泽玉501、泽玉8911、真金308、真金323、真金8号、郑单958、中单909、中科玉505、中种8号 KWS1568, KWS3564, M751, MC670, Beidou309(BD309), Danyu8201(DY8201), Denghai618(DH618), Dika517(DK517), Dika519(DK519), Dika653(DK653), Dongdan913(DD913), Fengken139(FK139), Fuyu5152(FY5152), Hengyu898(HY898), Huyu3518(HY3518), Humei1(HM1), Jidan66(JD66), Jintong152(JT152), Jinhua207(JH207), Jinhua318(JH318), Jingnongke728 (JNK728), Lidan295(LD295), Lianchuang805(LC805), Lianchuang808(LC808), Lianchuang825(LC825), Liaodan575(LD575), Liaodan585(LD585), Liaodan586(LD586), Liaodan588(LD588), Ningyu721(NY721), Nonghua101(NH101), Nonghua5(NH5), Nonghua816(NH816), Shandan636(SD636), Shandan650(SD650), Xianyu335(XY335), Xianyu696(XY696), Xindan58(XD58), Xindan65(XD65), Xindan68(XD68), Xinyu77(XY77), Yuyu30(YY30), Yufeng303(YF303), Yudan9953(YD9953), Zeyu501 (ZY501), Zeyu8911(ZY8911), Zhenjin308(ZJ308), Zhenjin323(ZJ323), Zhenjin8(ZJ8), Zhengdan958(ZD958), Zhongdan909 (ZD909), Zhongkeyu505(ZKY505), Zhongzhong8(ZZ8)

表1

表2

表3

图1

图2

图3

图4

表4

不同区域品种籽粒含水率降至25%时分类"

区域 Region	类型 Type	项目 Item
区域 Region	类型 Type	生理成熟至含水率25% GMC decreased from PM to 25%	生理成熟至含水率20% GMC decreased from PM to 25%
西北灌溉春玉米区 NW	I	郑单528、辽单575、真金323、辽单585、登海1769、新玉27、真金308、MC670、利单295、东单913、陕单628、泽玉501 ZD528, LD575, ZJ323, LD586, DH1769, XY27, ZJ308, MC670, LD295, DD913, SD628, ZY501	辽单586、宁玉524、YY119、郑单958、中农777、登海1769、郑单1002、MC670、富尔116、陕单628、九玉Y02、泽玉501 LD586, NY524, YY119, ZD958, ZN777, DH1769, ZD1002, MC670, FE116, SD628, JYY02, ZY501
	II	辽单586、宁玉524、YY119、M751、郑单958、中农777、登海177、新玉69、富尔116、金珠58、登海1786、郑单1002、丰垦139、农华106、正泰101、KWS01、银玉274、新玉77、新玉47、九玉Y02、锦华150、登海113 LD586, NY524, YY119, M751, ZD958, ZN777, DH177, XY69, FE116, JZ58, DH1786, ZD1002, FK139, NH106, ZT101, KWS01, YY274, XY77, XY47, JYY02, JH150, DH113	中农777、新玉27、登海177、真金308、新玉69、金珠58、登海1786、丰垦139、东单913、农华106、新玉77 ZN77, XY27, DH177, ZJ308, XY69, JZ58, DH1786, FK139, DD913, NH106, XY77
	III	登海318、YY137、登海119、豫单9953、北斗309、德丰586、新玉32、联创808、银玉369、京科968、增玉1572、新玉65、联创825、农华213、陕单16、矮单268、先玉335、泽玉8911、农华205、吉单66、吉单558、KWS3376、登海1739、新玉30、增玉1317 DH318, YY137, DH119, YD9953, BD309, DF586, XY32, LC808, YY369, JK968, ZY1572, XY65, LC825, NH213, SD16, AD268, XY335, ZY8911, NH205, JD66, JD558, KWS3376, DH1739, XY30, ZY1317	登海318、YY137、豫单9953、德丰586、联创808、联创825、农华213、KWS9384、先玉335、泽玉8911、吉单558、新玉30、增玉1317 DH318, YY137, YD9953, DF586, LC808, LC825, NH213, KWS9384, XY335, ZY8911, JD558, XY30, ZY1317
	IV	登海105、KWS9384、KWS3564、陕单650、银玉439 DH105, KWS9384, KWS3564, SD650, YY439	北斗309、新玉32、登海105、新玉65、陕单16、吉单66、陕单650、KWS3376、登海1739 BD309, XY32, DH105, XY65, SD16, JD66, SD650, KWS3376, DH1739
北方春玉米区 NM	I	银玉123、富育968、泽玉8911、先玉335、泽玉501、优迪919、A6565、农华103、禾田4号、银玉439、德美亚2号、京科968、德育919、登海739 YY123, FY968, ZY8911, XY335, ZY501, YD919, A6565, NH103, HT4, YY439, DMY2, JK968, DY919, DH739	禾田4号、登海739、德美亚3号、增玉1572、京科968、辽单585、德美亚2号、银玉439、A6565、优迪919、先玉335、富育968、德美亚1号、银玉123 HT4, DH739, DMY3, ZY1572, JK968, LD585, DMY2, YY439, A6565, YD919, XY335, FY968, DMY1, YY123
	II	宏硕899、BY1、敦玉323、京农科728、铁研58、吉单96、辽单586、粒收1号、辽单585、增玉1572、农华803、吉单898、利单295 HS899, BY1, DY323, JNK728, TY58, JD96, LD586, LS1, LD585, ZY1572, NH803, JD898, LD295	利单295、泽玉501、辽单586、泽玉8911、京农科728、BY1、丰垦139 LD295, ZY501, LD586, ZY8911, JNK728, BY1, FK139
	III	中迪702、宏玉236、M751、迪卡517、东单1331、铁研388、辽单575、吉单66、瑞普909、鑫鑫1号、银玉274、翔玉998、迪卡159、吉农大935、吉单68、东单6531、德美亚1号 ZD702, HY236, M751, DK517, DD1331, TY388, LD575, JD66, RP909, XX1, YY274, XY998, DK159, JND935, JD68, DD6531, DMY1	丹玉311、东单6531、迪卡159、联创825、翔玉998、瑞普909、吉单66、辽单575、铁研388、东单1331、迪卡517、先玉1321、M751、华美1号、农华213、中迪702 DY311, DD6531, DK159, LC825, XY998, RP909, JD66, LD575, TY388, DD1331, DK517, XY1321, M751, HM1, NH213, ZD702
	IV	农华213、KX9384、吉单1402、农大239、华美1号、先玉1321、中单107、登海786、东单913、联创825、陕单636、陕单620、丹玉311、郑单958、登海769、丰垦139 NH213, KX9384, JD1402, ND239, HM1, XY1321, ZD107, DH786, DD913, LC825, SD636, SD620, DY311, ZD958, DH769, FK139	登海769、郑单958、陕单620、陕单636、银玉274、东单913、登海786、KX9384、宏玉236 DH769, ZD958, SD620, SD636, YY274, DD913, DH786, KX9384, HY236
黄淮海夏玉米区 HM	I	陕单636、禾田1号、泽玉501、联创805、农华816、辽单586 SD636, HT1, ZY501, LC805, NH816, LD586	农华5号、利单295、陕单636、郑单958、泽玉501、吉单66、联创805、KWS3564、辽单586、MC670、M751 NH5, LD295, SD636, ZD958, ZY501, JD66, LC805, KWS3564, LD586, MC670, M751
	II	东单913、郑单958、中单909、新单58、真金323、吉单66、恒育898、宇玉30、富育5152、北斗309、登海618、户玉3518、MC670、辽单585、M751、丰垦139 DD913, ZD958, ZD909, XD58, ZJ323, JD66, HY898, YY30, FY5152, BD309, DH618, HY3518, MC670, LD585, M751, FK139	东单913、中单909、新单58、禾田1号、真金323、恒育898、农华816、宇玉30、富育5152、北斗309、登海618、户玉3518、辽单585、丰垦139 DD913, ZD909, XD58, TH1, ZJ323, HY898, NH816, YY30, FY5152, BD309, DH618, HY3518, LD585, FK139
	III	联创808、迪卡517、华美1号、宁玉721、先玉335、新单65、迪卡653、金通152、锦华318、陕单650、裕丰303、农华101、真金308、中科玉505、丹玉8201、豫单9953、农华5号 LC808, DK517, HM1, NY721, XY335, XD65, DK653, JT152, JH318, SD650, YF303, NH101, ZJ308, ZKY505, DY8201, YD9953, NH5	联创808、迪卡517、华美1号、宁玉721、先玉335、新单65、迪卡653、金通152、锦华318、陕单650、新单68、农华101、真金308、中科玉505、丹玉8201、豫单9953 LC808, DK517, HM1, NY721, XY335, XD65, DK653, JT152, JH318, SD650, XD68, NH101, ZJ308, ZKY505, DY8201, YD9953
	IV	辽单575、新单68、京农科728、泽玉8911、利单295 LD575, XD68, JNK728, ZY8911, LD295	辽单575、裕丰303、京农科728、泽玉8911 LD575, YF303, JNK728, ZY8911

表4

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区域 Region	地点 Site	年份 Year	测试品种数 Number of varieties tested	开始日期 Start date (M-D)	结束日期 End date (M-D)
西北灌溉春玉米区 NW	奇台 Qitai	2016	33	07-15	10-8
		2017	18	07-20	11-20
		2018	16	07-17	11-10
	昌吉 Changji	2017	12	07-15	10-15
	伊犁 Yili	2017	20	07-20	10-10
北方春玉米区 NM	永宁 Yongning	2018	30	07-28	11-30
	铁岭 Tieling	2017	19	07-26	10-21
	铁岭 Tieling	2018	18	08-05	11-05
	大庆 Daqing	2016	8	08-01	12-04
	大庆 Daqing	2017	20	08-10	12-09
黄淮海夏玉米区 HM	新乡 Xinxiang	2015	11	08-16	11-14
		2016	17	08-14	10-17
		2017	36	08-18	12-26
	北京 Beijing	2014	8	08-01	11-02
	北京 Beijing	2017	12	08-18	12-15

区域 Region	地点 Site	年份 Year	播种日期 Sowing date (M-D)	吐丝日期 Silking date (M-D)	生理成熟日期 Physiological maturity date (M-D)	生育期 Growth period (d)	极差 Range (d)
西北灌溉春玉米区 NW	奇台 Qitai	2016	04-14	07-01-07-18	09-08-09-29	148-169	21
		2017	04-22	07-01-07-17	09-13-09-29	144-169	25
		2018	04-17	07-10-07-17	09-27-10-10	163-176	13
	昌吉 Changji	2017	05-05	07-03-07-12	08-25-09-15	112-133	21
	伊犁 Yili	2017	04-25	07-07-07-12	09-12-10-02	140-160	20
北方春玉米区 NM	永宁 Yongning	2018	04-28	07-13-07-20	09-04-09-28	129-154	25
	铁岭 Tieling	2017	04-28	07-08-07-19	09-09-10-03	134-158	24
	铁岭 Tieling	2018	05-04	07-14-07-24	09-24-10-10	143-159	16
	大庆 Daqing	2016	04-28	07-20-08-02	09-13-10-11	138-167	29
	大庆 Daqing	2017	05-08	07-17-08-02	09-20-10-22	134-158	24
黄淮海夏玉米区 HM	新乡 Xinxiang	2015	06-16	07-23-08-10	09-23-10-19	99-125	26
		2016	06-04	07-23-07-31	09-05-09-28	93-116	23
		2017	06-18	08-02-08-10	09-22-10-26	96-130	34
	北京 Beijing	2014	06-01	07-21-08-04	09-13-09-27	104-118	14
	北京 Beijing	2017	06-18	08-03-08-12	10-01-10-20	105-124	19