中国农业科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 54 ›› Issue (5): 1003-1016.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.05.012
收稿日期:
2020-06-24
接受日期:
2020-12-14
出版日期:
2021-03-01
发布日期:
2021-03-09
通讯作者:
李保国
作者简介:
韩明会,E-mail:基金资助:
MingHui HAN1(),BaoGuo LI2(
),Dan ZHANG1,Ying LI1
Received:
2020-06-24
Accepted:
2020-12-14
Online:
2021-03-01
Published:
2021-03-09
Contact:
BaoGuo LI
摘要:
在全球生态危机和不断增加的粮食和食品安全需求背景下,如何真正实现农业的可持续发展成了全世界共同关注的问题。再生农业(regenerative agriculture)作为新挑战下应运而生的农业模式。探讨再生农业的内涵、国内外应用的生态和经济效益以及分析在我国的应用情景,能够为我国这一新型农业模式的引入和发展提供理论指导。本文首先通过对相关再生农业定义的梳理,把再生农业概述为是以实现农业可持续发展为目的,基于土地保护性利用,在减少机械作业和化学品投入的基础上,通过基于自然的解决方案实现在提高作物产出的同时,提升土壤有机质和氮元素、促进土壤固碳、改善土壤健康、最大化生物多样性的农业模式。通过与其他可持续农业模式相比,从粮食安全、化石能源、碳封存、土壤健康、生物多样性、净水和净收益多个维度说明了再生农业能够实现粮食安全、土壤健康、生态环境和经济效益的同步改善。通过对国内外再生农业相关研究的分析,表明了再生农业的不同措施能够使得生态和经济效益的多个方面效益得到显著提升。最后,提出了我国未来不同区域发展再生农业模式的建议。
韩明会,李保国,张丹,李颖. 再生农业——基于土地保护性利用的可持续农业[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(5): 1003-1016.
MingHui HAN,BaoGuo LI,Dan ZHANG,Ying LI. Regenerative Agriculture-Sustainable Agriculture Based on the Conservational Land Use[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(5): 1003-1016.
表1
再生农业的定义"
角度 Perspective | 定义内容 Definition | 参考文献 Reference |
---|---|---|
特点 Characteristic | 再生农业是一种趋向于闭合养分循环的农业模式,它使生物群落的多样性更大,最大程度依赖于内部资源而不是外部资源投入 Regenerative organic agriculture is marked by tendencies towards closed nutrient loops, greater diversity in the biological community, fewer annuals and more perennials, and greater reliance on internal rather than external resources | [5] |
原则 Principle | 最小土壤扰动、最大化生物多样性、保持土壤覆盖、保持全年活根和引入牲畜 Minimize soil disturbance; maximize crop diversity; keep the soil covered; maintain living root year-round; integrate livestock | [6,14-15] |
措施 Practice | 免耕少耕(或在耕作后积极重建土壤群落);覆盖作物;培育田地的植物多样性(如多种作物轮作);整合畜牧业和种植业(如整体放牧) (1) Abandoning/reducing tillage (or actively rebuilding soil communities following a tillage event); (2) Eliminating spatio-temporal events of bare soil by cover crop, etc; (3) Fostering plant diversity on the farm by crop rotation, etc; (4) Integrating livestock and cropping operations on the land such as holistic grazing | [15] |
功能 Function | 促进土壤肥力与健康;提高水的渗滤和减少地表径流,净化水源;增加生物多样性,增强生态系统的健康和复原能力;将当前农业的碳排放转化为显著的碳封存 (1) Contribute to generating/building soils and soil fertility and health; (2) Increase water percolation, water retention, and clean and safe water runoff; (3) Increase biodiversity and ecosystem health and resiliency; (4) Invert the carbon emissions of our current agriculture to one of remarkably significant carbon sequestration thereby cleansing the atmosphere of legacy levels of CO2 | [16] |
表2
保护性农业与再生农业的比较"
农业类型 Agro-type | 保护性农业[ Conservation agriculture | 再生农业[ Regenerative agriculture |
---|---|---|
提出背景 Background | 耕作加速土壤荒漠化/退化 Tillage accelerates soil desertification/degradation | 有限的耕地如何应对人口增加、粮食和食品安全、极端天气频发、气候变化 Challenges of population growth, food security, climate change etc. |
主要原则 Principles | 最小土壤扰动;提高生物多样性和保持土壤覆盖 Minimum mechanical soil disturbance; species diversification; permanent soil organic cover | 最小土壤扰动;最大化生物多样性;保持土壤覆盖;保持全年活根和引入牲畜[ Minimize soil disturbance; maximize crop diversity; keep the soil covered; maintain living root year-round; integrate livestock |
主要措施 Main practices | 免耕少耕、轮作、秸秆覆盖还田/覆盖作物 No-till/reduced tillage; crop rotation; soil organic cover (at least 30%) with crop residues and/or cover crops | 免耕少耕、轮作、覆盖作物、整体放牧 No-till/reduced tillage; crop rotation; cover crop; holistic grazing |
对土壤影响 Impact on soil | 改善土壤结构,提高土壤有机质含量;增强土壤持水能力,减少土壤侵蚀,维护生物多样性,控制杂草 Improve soil structure and increase soil organic matter content; enhance soil water retention, reduce soil erosion, maintain biodiversity, and control weeds | 改善土壤结构,大幅提高土壤有机质和氮元素含量,增强土壤持水能力,减少水土流失,防止土壤侵蚀,增加生物多样性(尤其是土壤微生物多样性),控制杂草[ Improve soil structure, substantially increase soil organic matter and nitrogen content, enhance soil water-holding capacity, reduce soil erosion, prevent soil erosion, increase biodiversity (especially soil microbial diversity), and control weeds |
减少化肥投入 Fertilizer | 在一年一季的地区可以减少氮肥投入,但某些地区需要增加氮肥投入,调节因为秸秆还田而不平衡的碳氮比[ Nitrogen fertilizer input can be reduced in seasonal areas, but it needs to be increased in some areas to adjust the imbalance of carbon nitrogen ratio due to straw returning | 养分有机转化以及整体放牧的粪肥,能够减少无机化肥投入 Organic conversion of nutrients and integrated grazing of manure can reduce the input of inorganic fertilizers |
动物福利 Animal welfare | 无影响 No effect | 提升动物福利,提高畜牧产量和质量[ Improve animal welfare, livestock production and quality |
国外发展情况 Development abroad | 免耕少耕和秸秆还田已大面积推广 No-till/reduced tillage and straw returning have been widely spread | 覆盖作物和整体放牧初具规模,发展迅速 Cover crops and holistic grazing have taken shape and developed rapidly |
我国发展情况 Development in China | 免耕少耕和秸秆还田在我国多省快速发展[ No-till/reduced tillage and straw returning are developing rapidly in many provinces of China | 覆盖作物和整体放牧尚未得到发展 Cover crops and holistic grazing have not been developed |
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