2种架式对3个鲜食葡萄品种栽培性状及果实品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.07.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】比较研究2种不同架式对鲜食葡萄多年生大树在栽培性状、果实品质、病害发生情况等的影响,为华北冲积平原埋土区推广适宜的葡萄栽培架式提供参考。【方法】以鲜食葡萄‘瑞都脆霞’‘瑞都无核怡’和‘瑞都香玉’为试材,分别采用T型架和V型架栽培,系统分析2种架式对葡萄物候期、生长结果习性、光合作用、树体结构、果实基本理化指标,多酚化合物含量和栽培用工等方面的影响。【结果】2种架式的物候期和结果习性差异不显著。T型架葡萄副梢管理次数、摘心次数、结果枝绑缚次数和冬季修剪工时均小于V型架,二者冬季下架埋土和春季出土上架所用工时无显著差异。‘瑞都脆霞’T型架在2017年的净光合速率小于V型架,‘瑞都无核怡’T型架在2016年的净光合速率小于V型架,其他情况均表现为T型架的光合性能更强。2017年3个品种在2种架式下的新梢粗度无显著差异。新梢粗度标准差的结果表明,当葡萄树体的树势由强旺调控至中庸水平后,3个品种在T型架的新梢粗度标准差分别为2.3、2.6和2.3,低于V型架的2.7、2.75和3.0,表现出更强的新梢一致性。3个品种在叶幕高度和叶幕长度的表现有所差异,但是V型架的叶幕厚度和叶幕体积均大于T型架,其中‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平;‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都香玉’在V型架下的叶面积指数高于T型,‘瑞都无核怡’结果相反;2种架式下的叶片叶绿素含量并无显著差异。V型架的叶片霜霉病发病率和病情指数均显著高于T型,白粉病差异不显著。在产量调控至同一水平时,2种架式的穗重、单粒重、纵横径和可溶性固形物之间无显著差异,但是2016年和2017年T型架下葡萄果实的固酸比显著优于V型架。‘瑞都脆霞’和‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的总花色苷含量高于V型,其中‘瑞都无核怡’达到显著水平,比V型架高0.018 mg·g ^-1;3个品种在T型架下的类黄酮含量均高于V型架,其中‘瑞都香玉’达到显著水平,比V型架高0.70 mg·g ^-1;‘瑞都无核怡’在T型架下的原花色素含量显著高于V型架,另外2个品种架式间差异不显著。【结论】对位于华北冲积平原且须埋土防寒的葡萄产区,相较于V型架,T型架叶片光合利用效率更高,叶部病害发生更少,新梢生长一致性更好,果实品质更优,口感更佳,管理更省工,具有推广应用价值。

关键词: 葡萄, 架式, 树势, 品质

Abstract:

【Objective】The effects of two different trellis systems on viticultural characteristics, fruit quality and disease incidence of three table grape cultivars were studied deeply to provide theoretical basis for the selection of appropriate trellis system for Northern China alluvial plain.【Method】Vitis vinifera L. were used as plant materials, including Ruiducuixia, Ruiduwuheyi and Ruiduhongyu, which were planted with “T” shaped and “V” shaped trellis systems, respectively. Phenological stages, fruiting habits, photosynthetic characteristics, vine structure, labor intensity, fruit quality indexes including cluster weight, berry weight, berry width, berry length, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), total anthocyanins, flavonoid and proanthocyanidin of three cultivars in both trellis systems were measured.【Result】There was no significant difference in phenological stages or fruiting habits. In most cases, percentage of germination showed higher value with T-trellis, while other fruiting habits showed no significant differences. T-trellis showed considerable advantages in management operations of the vineyard, in terms of the lateral shoot management, topping of primary shoot, fruit branch binding and winter pruning. Both Soil-bury and untying hours in the fall and out-of-soil and tying hours in the spring showed no statistically difference between the two trellis systems. Ruiducuixia showed higher net photosynthetic rate (Pn) with V-trellis in 2017, Ruiduwuheyi showed higher Pn with V-trellis in 2016, in other cases, T-trellis showed significantly higher Pn. Ruiduwuheyi showed higher stomatal conductance with T-trellis for the three years but the other two cultivars showed inconsistent results. Ruiducuixia had a higher transpiration rate with V-trellis; Ruiduxiangyu had the same trend in 2016. In most cases, there was no difference in intercellular CO₂ concentration between the two trellis systems. The shoot width of three cultivars showed trivial difference between the two trellis systems in 2017. However, after the vigor of the vine had been trained to a moderate level, the standard deviation of shoot width of T-trellis had decreased to 2.3, 2.6 and 2.3 for the three cultivars, lower than that of V-trellis (2.7, 2.75 and 3.0), showing higher shoot consistency. Three cultivars showed different results of canopy height and canopy length, while the grapevines grown with V-trellis had larger canopy volume. Leaf area index of Ruiducuixia and Ruiduxiangyu were much higher with V-trellis than T-trellis, while Ruiduwuheyi showed the opposite. The leaf chlorophyll between the two trellis systems showed no statistical difference. As for leaf disease, V-trellis showed much higher disease index and incidence of downy mildew than T-trellis, while no difference was found on powdery mildew. There was no significant difference in cluster weight, single berry weight, vertical diameter, horizontal diameter or total soluble solids. With T-trellis, TSS/TA was in a better range which made the berries taste more balanced and desirable. Ruiducuixia and Ruiduwuheyi showed higher total anthocyanins with T-trellis; all three cultivars had higher level of flavonoid with T-trellis; besides, Ruiduwuheyi showed higher value of proanthocyanidin with T-trellis system, while the other two cultivars showed no significant difference. 【Conclusion】 Based on the three-year study, for soil-bury grape growing areas in Northern China alluvial plain, T-trellis system showed higher photosynthetic use efficiency, less disease incidence, better shoot consistency, higher fruit quality and less labor intensity for vineyard management, manifesting an favorable trellis system to be promoted and practiced in commercial vineyards.

Key words: grape, trellis system, vine vigor, fruit quality

王晓玥,张国军,孙磊,赵印,闫爱玲,王慧玲,任建成,徐海英. 2种架式对3个鲜食葡萄品种栽培性状及果实品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(7): 1150-1163.

WANG XiaoYue,ZHANG GuoJun,SUN Lei,ZHAO Yin,YAN AiLing,WANG HuiLing,REN JianCheng,XU HaiYing. Effects of Two Trellis Systems on Viticultural Characteristics and Fruit Quality of Three Table Grape Cultivars[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(7): 1150-1163.

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生长季 Growing period	平均温度 Mean temperature (℃)	相对湿度 Relative humidity (%)	风速 Wind speed (km?h^-1)	降雨量 Precipitation (mm)	有效积温 Growing degree days
2015
4月April	14.7	45.7	11.3	34.29	134.0
5月May	20.8	44.3	11.3	24.89	290.0
6月June	24.4	57.9	9.3	34.80	407.5
7月July	26.5	65.7	7.6	83.07	481.0
8月August	26.1	68.6	7.3	71.10	501.0
9月September	20.6	71.2	8.1	50.54	302.5
10月October	13.8	59.2	9.3	14.22	130.5
11月November	2.9	78.9	7.5	17.28	0.5
均值/总合Average/Total	18.7	61.4	9.0	330.20	2247
2016
4月April	15.5	38.8	11.4	5.59	159.5
5月May	20.2	45.0	10.9	17.77	297.0
6月June	24.9	57.7	8.5	61.47	421.5
7月July	27.1	69.4	7.9	181.61	501.0
8月August	27.0	66.3	8.1	71.37	500.0
9月September	21.3	66.2	7.7	56.13	335.5
10月October	12.9	72.4	8.0	50.30	113.0
11月November	3.52	62.1	8.6	7.87	1.5
均值/总合Average/Total	19.1	59.7	8.9	452.11	2329
2017
4月April	15.5	36.4	10.6	0	124.5
5月May	22.0	40.9	10.5	28.95	293.5
6月June	24.7	50.5	9.0	80.78	357.5
7月July	27.3	75.0	7.7	63.51	443.5
8月August	25.9	73.3	7.5	199.9	423
9月September	21.7	64.5	7.4	3.05	318
10月October	12.3	72.5	7.1	32.77	80.5
11月November	3.1	46.0	10.3	0	4.0
均值/总合Average/Total	19.1	57.4	8.8	408.96	2044.5

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	架式 Trellis system	萌芽期 Bud break (M-D)	初花期 First bloom (M-D)	始熟期 Veraison (M-D)	新梢始熟期 Cane maturation (M-D)
2015	CX	T	4-18	5-26	7-6	9-6
		V	4-19	5-27	7-9	9-1
	WHY	T	4-22	5-27	7-19	8-25
		V	4-22	5-26	7-22	8-2
	XY	T	4-21	5-24	7-13	8-14
		V	4-19	5-24	7-13	8-5
2016	CX	T	4-18	5-23	7-2	9-9
		V	4-18	5-22	7-2	9-1
	WHY	T	4-21	5-28	7-24	8-28
		V	4-22	5-26	7-24	8-26
	XY	T	4-17	5-20	7-25	8-25
		V	4-18	5-19	7-24	8-27
2017	CX	T	4-18	5-19	7-5	8-28
		V	4-18	5-19	7-4	8-25
	WHY	T	4-21	5-20	7-16	8-18
		V	4-22	5-20	7-16	8-18
	XY	T	4-17	5-16	7-6	8-26
		V	4-18	5-16	7-9	8-28

年份 Year	品种 Cultivar	架式 Trellis system	萌芽率 Percentage of germination (%)	结果枝率 Percentage of bearing shoots (%)	结果系数 Cluster number per bearing shoot
2015	CX	T	95.3±2.2*	83.8±4.7	1.73±0.1
		V	48.3±4.8	94.2±1.7	1.80±0.1
	WHY	T	71.0±3.1	66.2±2.0	1.21±0.0
		V	39.2±4.0	69.4±6.5	1.09±0.0
	XY	T	86.7±3.3*	54.7±17.6	1.63±0.1
		V	47.6±3.3	80.0±2.0	1.88±0.1
2016	CX	T	67.8±3.9	90.0±1.1	1.83±0.1
		V	63.8±3.3	93.3±4.1	1.57±0.0
	WHY	T	72.0±1.5	87.4±3.6	1.45±0.1
		V	70.5±2.0	75.8±10.5	1.17±0.0
	XY	T	72.0±2.9	59.0±8.2	1.11±0.1
		V	61.1±3.6	71.5±4.4	1.56±0.1
2017	CX	T	73.1±5.0	77.8±6.1	1.52±0.1
		V	64.6±8.1	71.6±6.1	1.49±0.0
	WHY	T	67.4±7.6	76.6±7.4	1.35±0.1
		V	67.9±3.7	54.1±21.5	1.30±0.1
	XY	T	60.5±3.7	71.6±7.7	1.41±0.2
		V	67.7±8.0	61.9±3.8	1.71±0.1

项目 Parameter	V型 V-trellis	T型 T-trellis
长势Vigor	较旺 Vigorous	中庸 Moderate
顶端优势 Apical dominance	较明显 Obvious	不明显 Not obvious
结果带距地面高度Fruit setting height (cm)	40	170
出土上架工时（时／人·亩）Out-of-soil and tying hours per person per 1/6 acre	24	24
副梢管理次数（／年）Lateral shoot management times (/year)	10	5
摘心次数（／年）Topping times (/year)	1—2	1
结果枝绑缚次数（／年）Fruit branch binding times (/year)	2	1
冬季修剪工时（时／人·亩）Winter pruning hours per person per 1/6 acre	2	1.33
下架埋土工时（时／人·亩） Soil-bury and untying hours per person per 1/6 acre	3.2	3.2

品种 Cultivar	架式 Trellis system	叶幕高度 Canopy height (cm)	叶幕长度 Canopy length (cm)	叶幕厚度 Canopy thickness (cm)	叶幕体积 Canopy volume (cm³)	叶面积指数 Leaf area index	叶片叶绿素 Leaf chlorophyll contents (SPAD)
CX	T	127.3±2.7	162.7±3.0	39.3±2.0	0.86±0.0	1.33±0.22	42.4±1.6
	V	111.7±6.1	303.0±28.8	60.0±5.8*	2.0±0.3*	1.71±0.15	31.4±3.9
WHY	T	111.0±8.5	177.7±29.0	52.0±4.0	1.0±0.2	2.05±0.23	44.9±0.6
	V	114.7±2.4	202.7±30.0	58.7±7.2	1.4±0.3	1.78±0.03	49.1±1.8
XY	T	94.3±1.9	328.0±17.4*	51.0±4.0	1.6±0.1	1.00±0.07	44.6±1.7
	V	116.7±3.2*	234.7±25.9	73.0±10.4	1.9±0.1*	1.57±0.14*	44.0±0.9