分子编写育种——动物育种的发展方向

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.12.016

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着基因组学、基因组编辑技术的迅速发展以及显微注射技术、体细胞克隆技术的广泛应用，一套新型的育种策略和方法已经逐渐形成。这一套新型育种策略和方法可以称为分子编写育种（breeding by molecular writing, BMW）。该方法可以高效创制新的遗传标记并对其进行快速验证，也可以对基因组进行精确到分子水平的编写并定向培养新品种，不仅能打破生殖隔离，跨物种的引入新的性状，更可以对物种内个体间基因组进行精确到单个碱基的插入、删除和替换。如外源基因的精确整合，内源基因的精确删除、替换，SNP位点的复制、删除或替换等。该技术的优点是：可以在极大的降低非预期效应的同时，快速高效的将多种有益性状聚合到同一品种内。分子编写可进行以下四方面工作：（1）新型育种标记的创制及验证；（2）跨物种分子编写；（3）基因组中碱基序列的删除；（4）物种内分子编写。该育种技术可以不通过有性杂交，只引入一个或几个目标基因或SNP，快速获得目标性状突出的遗传稳定新种质，然后结合常规育种方法育成新品种。该方法将实现真正的个体和群体水平的基因（或分子）杂交育种，获得分子杂种优势，能够高效的解决长久以来困扰育种工作的诸多难题，大大提高育种效率，尤其在畜禽育种中具有重要应用前景，将会是未来育种的发展方向。文章详细论述了分子编写育种技术的基本概念、研究手段、研究内容、研究现状并展望了该技术的应用前景，为动物育种、畜禽繁殖等领域的研究及从业人员提供了参考。

关键词: 育种, 分子编写, 基因编辑, 体细胞核移植, 基因敲除

Abstract: With the rapid development of genomics and genome editing techniques, and the extensive application of techniques such as microinjection and somatic cell nuclear transfer, a new set of breeding strategies and methods has gradually formed, which we named breeding by molecular writing (BMW). Using BMW, directional breeding of new varieties can be achieved by molecular-level genome editing, which can not only break down reproductive barriers separating different taxa, allowing the cross-species introduction of new traits, but also enable single-nucleotide insertion, deletion, and substitution in individual genomes. This can include the precise integration of exogenous genes; precise deletion and substitution of endogenous genes; and replication, deletion, and substitution of SNP loci. The main advantage of BMW is the rapid and efficient gathering of several beneficial traits into one species, while significantly reducing unintended effects. Molecular writing can be used for the following tasks: (1) identification and verification of new breeding markers; (2) cross-species molecular writing; (3) base sequence deletion in genomes; and (4) molecular writing within species. The BMW technique allows the introduction of only one or several target genes or SNPs and the rapid acquisition of new stable genetic varieties with pronounced target characters without sexual hybridization, and can then create new varieties in combination with conventional breeding methods. BMW can achieve genetic (or molecular) hybridization breeding at the individual and group levels, acquiring molecular heterosis, efficiently resolving several long-standing difficulties in breeding, and significantly improving breeding efficiency. It has strong potential for application in livestock and poultry breeding, and is a key part of the future of breeding. This paper discusses the basic concepts, research methods, research contents, and current research status of breeding by molecular writing in detail, and presents the prospects of applying BMW, providing references for researchers and practitioners in fields such as animal breeding and livestock and poultry reproduction.

Key words: breeding, breeding by molecular writing, gene editing, somatic cell nuclear transfer, gene knockout

刘志国，王冰源，牟玉莲，魏泓，陈俊海，李奎. 分子编写育种——动物育种的发展方向[J]. 中国农业科学, 2018, 51(12): 2398-2409.

LIU ZhiGuo, WANG BingYuan, MU YuLian, WEI Hong, CHEN JunHai, LI Kui. Breeding by Molecular Writing (BMW): the Future Development of Animal Breeding[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2018, 51(12): 2398-2409.

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