基于土壤条件的边缘绿洲典型灌区灌溉需水研究

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.06.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】土壤性状是影响作物灌溉水生产力（IWP）与灌溉需水的关键因子。以土壤性状与作物灌溉水生产力及灌溉需水的定量关系为依据、结合区域土壤性状的空间分布，估算绿洲典型灌区作物灌溉需水及空间分布，为灌区尺度的合理用水分配及节水潜力评估提供科学依据。【方法】选择黑河中游临泽边缘绿洲平川灌区，对118个农田土壤进行取样分析，确定土壤性状的空间分布；通过不同土壤质地和肥力水平的农田玉米灌溉试验，确定土壤性状与灌溉水生产力及灌溉需水量的关系、进而依据土壤条件估算灌区尺度的灌溉需水及空间分布。【结果】平川灌区农田0—20 cm耕层土壤砂粒含量为29.4%—91.9%，平均53.6%，土壤有机质含量范围为1.37—17.7 g•kg-1，平均10.9 g•kg-1；20—100 cm土层砂粒平均含量51.3%。土壤质地为壤沙土和沙土的面积占农田总面积的50%以上；有机质含量低于10.0 g•kg-1的面积占26%，土壤持水性能弱；土壤性状在空间分布上存在高度的变异性。玉米IWP平均为1.11 kg•m-3（沙土）—2.44 kg•m-3（壤土），与0—20 cm土层黏粉粒含量（CS1，%）、20—100 cm土层黏粉粒含量（CS2，%）、0—20 cm土层有机质含量（OM，g•kg-1）呈极显著正相关。依据土壤性状与灌溉水生产力的关系，得出平川灌区玉米灌溉水生产力平均为（2.36±0.77）kg•m-3，变动范围为0.75-3.92 kg•m-3，IWP小于2.0 kg•m-3的面积为970 hm2，占总面积的18.5%。灌区玉米生育期平均灌溉需水量为558 mm，总灌溉需水量为28.4×106 m3。【结论】土壤条件决定作物的灌溉需水与灌溉水生产力，在灌溉尺度农业水管理方面，应依据不同土壤性状的斑块单元进行地表水与地下水的合理分配与配置，并重视有利于土壤结构改善和肥力提升的施肥、耕作、灌溉等农业技术的应用。

关键词: 土壤性状 , 玉米 , 灌溉水生产力 , 灌溉需水 , 空间分布 , 平川灌区

Abstract: 【Objective】Soil property is a key factor for influencing crop irrigation water productivity (IWP) and irrigation water requirement. In accordance with the quantitative relationships between soil properties and crop IWP and irrigation water requirement, as well as the regional spatial distribution of soil properties, crop IWP, irrigation water requirement and their spatial distributions in a typical oasis irrigation district were determined. The aim of the study is to provide a scientific basis for accurately estimating regional irrigation water requirement and determining rational irrigation water allocation.【Methods】In this study, the Pingchuan irrigation district located in the Linze marginal oasis was selected as the study area. Based on soil sampling and analysis of 118 sites in the study area, and maize irrigation experiment under different soil texture and fertility levels, the spatial distribution characteristics in soil properties and the relationships between maize IWP and soil properties were determined. 【Result】 The results indicated that soil sand content in the 0-20 cm plough layer ranged from 29.4% to 91.9% ,with an average of 53.6%. Soil organic matter concentration varied from 1.37 to 17.7 g•kg-1,with a mean value of 10.9 g•kg-1. The mean sand content in the 20-100 cm depth was 51.3%. The farmlands with sand and loamy sand soils occupied above 50% of the total area of the farmlands. The farmlands that soil organic matter concentration was 10.0 g•kg-1 below occupied 26% of the total area. Soil water-holding capacity was poor and soil properties showed a high spatial variability. The field irrigation experiment showed that maize IWP ranged from 1.11 kg•m-3 (sandy soils) to 2.44 kg•m-3 (loam soils), on average. There was a significant correlation between IWP and silt clay content in the 0-20cm (CS1, %) and 20-100 cm (CS2, %) layers, and SOM concentration (OM, g•kg-1) in the 0-20 cm layer. Based on the spatial distribution in soil properties and the relationships between soil properties and IWP, the IWPs in the farmlands of the Pingchuan irrigation district were calculated and ranged from 0.75 to 3.92 kg•m-3, with a mean value of (2.36±0.77) kg•m-3. The farmlands that the IWP was 2.0 kg•m-3 below had 970 ha and occupied 18.5% of the total area. The averaged irrigation water requirement was 558 mm during the maize growing period and the total amount of irrigation water requirement was 28.4×106 m3 in the Pingchuan irrigation district. 【Conclusion】Soil conditions determine crop irrigation water requirement and IWP. In agricultural water management at the irrigation district scale, reasonable irrigation water allocation should be based on patchy unit of different soil properties. Some effective tillage, fertilization, and irrigation measurements that can improve soil structure and fertility should be addressed to improve sustainable water productivity.

Key words: soil properties , maize , irrigation water productivity , irrigation water requirement , spatial distribution , Pingchuan irrigation district

苏永中1, 杨荣, 刘文杰, 杨晓, 王敏. 基于土壤条件的边缘绿洲典型灌区灌溉需水研究[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(6): 1128-1139.

SU Yong-Zhong-1, YANG Rong, LIU Wen-Jie, YANG Xiao, WANG Min. Irrigation Water Requirement Based on Soil Conditions in a Typical Irrigation District in a Marginal Oasis[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(6): 1128-1139.

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