不同砧木对多主干树形‘瑞香红’苹果幼树树体生长及果实品质的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.14.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究在多主干树形整形条件下，不同砧木对‘瑞香红’苹果树体生长及果实品质的影响，为‘瑞香红’苹果生产筛选适宜砧木和多主干树形推广应用提供理论依据。【方法】以3年生‘瑞香红’/青砧1号、‘瑞香红’/圆叶海棠、‘瑞香红’/M9T337为试材，结合多主干树形整形。于2023年4月至2024年3月对不同砧穗组合的树体结构、枝类组成、一年生枝生长、光合特性、矿质元素含量及果实品质进行测定分析。【结果】结果表明，‘瑞香红’/圆叶海棠苹果接穗的树高、亲和性、枝量、一年生枝生长量和光合特性都显著高于‘瑞香红’/青砧1号和‘瑞香红’/M9T337，营养生长旺盛。‘瑞香红’/青砧1号树体长势略低于‘瑞香红’/圆叶海棠，但高于‘瑞香红’/M9T337，能较好保持‘瑞香红’果形，硬度高、耐贮存，但单株结果量少、果实偏酸。‘瑞香红’/M9T337树体短枝占比高、树冠各部位营养生长均衡，且果实单株产量高、果实品质好。在春梢和秋梢生长期，3种砧穗组合新梢叶片的矿质元素含量存在差异。圆叶海棠和青砧1号接穗叶片的N、Mg、Fe、B及春梢生长期Mn、Zn含量均显著高于M9T337，而P、K、Mo、Cu及秋梢生长期Mn、Zn含量为M9T337高于圆叶海棠和青砧1号。【结论】 M9T337砧木结合多主干树形整形的树体矮化效果最好，单株结果多、果实品质好，但树势弱、抗逆性差。圆叶海棠砧木亲和性高、长势旺盛，结合多主干树形整形密植效果好、抗逆性强、果实品质较好。

关键词: 苹果, 砧穗组合, 多主干树形, 新梢生长, 果实品质

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to explore the effects of different rootstocks on the growth and fruit quality of Ruixianghong apple tree with multi-stem shape, which could provide a theoretical basis for the production of Ruixianghong apple with suitable rootstock and multi-stem shape. 【Method】 The three years old of Ruixianghong/Qingzhen 1, Ruixianghong/Malus prunifolia var. ringo, and Ruixianghong/M9T337 with multi-stem shape were used as test materials. The tree height, branch composition, annual branches growth, photosynthetic characteristics, mineral element content and fruit quality of different rootstock-scion combinations were detected and analyzed from April 2023 to March 2024. 【Result】 The results demonstrated that the tree height, graft compatibility, branch numbers, annual branch growth and photosynthetic characteristics of Ruixianghong/Malus prunifolia var. ringo were significantly higher than that of Ruixianghong/Qingzhen 1 and Ruixianghong/M9T337, with a relatively vigorous growth of vegetative organs. The growth potential of Ruixianghong/Qingzhen 1 was slightly lower than that of Ruixianghong/Malus prunifolia var. ringo, while higher than Ruixianghong/M9T337, which could better maintain the fruit shape, with the higher fruit hardness and storage quality, but the fruit yield declined, and the organic acid content increased. Ruixianghong/M9T337 had higher proportion of short branches, which balanced the vegetative growth of each part of the canopy, leading to higher yield and better fruit quality. There were apparent differences of the mineral element content in the new shoot leaves of three kinds of rootstock-scion combinations during spring and autumn shoot growing periods. The content of N, Mg, Fe, B in leaves of Ruixianghong/Malus prunifolia var. ringo and Ruixianghong/Qingzhen 1 were significantly higher than that of Ruixianghong/M9T337, and the Mn and Zn content in leaves of Ruixianghong/Malus prunifolia var. ringo and Ruixianghong/ Qingzhen 1 leaves were significantly higher than that of Ruixianghong/M9T337 during spring shoot growing period, while the content of P, K, Mo, and Cu in Ruixianghong/M9T337 leaves were higher than the other two rootstock-scion combinations, while Mn and Zn contens in leaves of Ruixianghong/M9T337 were also higher than the other two rootstock-scion combinations. 【Conclusion】 In summary, Ruixianghong/M9T337 combination with multi-stem shape had the best dwarfing effect, with higher yield and better fruit quality, but the tree potential was lower, with a reduced stress tolerance. The Ruixianghong/Malus prunifolia var. ringo combination had higher graft compatibility, growing potential, with a better tree density, stress tolerance and fruit quality in combined with the multi-stem shape.

Key words: apple, rootstock scion combinations, multi-stem shape, shoot growth, fruit quality

曾艳鑫, 宫昊楠, 由春香, 卢景生, 高文胜, 王小非. 不同砧木对多主干树形‘瑞香红’苹果幼树树体生长及果实品质的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2024, 57(14): 2847-2861.

ZENG YanXin, GONG HaoNan, YOU ChunXiang, LU JingSheng, GAO WenSheng, WANG XiaoFei. Effects of Different Rootstocks on Growth and Fruit Quality of Young Ruixianghong Apple Trees with Multi-Stem Shape[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2024, 57(14): 2847-2861.

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年份 Year	砧木 Rootstock	树高 Tree height (m)	砧木粗度 Rootstock diameter (mm)	接穗粗度 Scion thickness (mm)	穗砧粗度比 Ratio of main stem to scion thickness	主枝数 Number of boughs (No.)
2023	瑞香红/青砧1号 Ruixianghong/Qingzhen1	2.71±0.11b	48.97±2.84ab	42.50±1.19b	0.87±0.05b	8.25±0.75b
	瑞香红/圆叶海棠 Ruixianghong/Malus prunifolia var. ringo	3.06±0.14a	51.97±1.38a	50.04±1.39a	0.96±0.03a	9.08±0.67a
	瑞香红/M9T337 Ruixianghong/M9T337	2.16±0.08c	46.19±2.83b	33.26±1.94c	0.72±0.06c	6.75±0.62c
2024	瑞香红/青砧1号 Ruixianghong/Qingzhen1	3.42±0.06a	66.13±9.38a	62.30±7.16b	0.95±0.06a	9.33±1.21ab
	瑞香红/圆叶海棠 Ruixianghong/Malus prunifolia var. ringo	3.52±0.07a	75.62±8.78a	72.58±8.31a	0.96±0.09a	9.83±1.17a
	瑞香红/M9T337 Ruixianghong/M9T337	3.08±0.12b	67.38±8.38a	43.37±3.62c	0.65±0.06b	8.17±0.75b

年份 Year	砧木 Rootstock	长枝 Long branches (%)	中枝 Medium branches (%)	短枝 Short branches (%)	总枝量 Total number of branches (No.)
2023	瑞香红/青砧1号 Ruixianghong/Qingzhen 1	15.69±6.00a	49.38±2.97a	34.93±5.39b	82.00±8.19 b
	瑞香红/圆叶海棠 Ruixianghong/ Malus prunifolia var. ringo	15.00±2.58a	31.42±3.86b	53.58±3.81a	122.33±4.93 a
	瑞香红/M9T337 Ruixianghong/M9T337	10.45±3.35a	34.53±1.12b	55.03±2.42a	45.33±3.51 c
2024	瑞香红/青砧1号 Ruixianghong/Qingzhen 1	21.82±3.52ab	33.84±3.38a	44.34±5.51b	205.33±24.32b
	瑞香红/圆叶海棠 Ruixianghong/ Malus prunifolia var. ringo	25.14±5.30a	30.05±3.32a	44.81±4.05b	244.33±22.45a
	瑞香红/M9T337 Ruixianghong/M9T337	17.40±2.83b	28.71±5.80a	54.93±5.82a	183.50±13.49b