山东省冬小麦田杂草群落调查及其变化原因分析

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.24.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】过去10年,山东省冬小麦田杂草种类、数量和发生区域均发生了明显变化,明确山东省冬小麦田杂草群落演替规律,分析其演替原因,为制定小麦田杂草精准防控策略提供理论依据。【方法】在山东省冬小麦种植区域调查300个调查地,每个调查地选择3块区域,每块区域采用倒置“W”型9点取样法,从2009—2019年10年间分3次调查山东省冬小麦田杂草群落分布,明确山东省冬小麦田7大区域杂草群落组成,分析杂草群落变化规律。【结果】山东省冬小麦田杂草群落结构及其变化有如下特点：（1）播娘蒿、荠菜一直是山东省冬小麦田的优势杂草,3次调查中播娘蒿优势度始终排在第1位,相对优势度分别为20.68%、22.49%、22.24%,荠菜也始终排在前3位,相对优势度分别为15.49%、15.77%和14.51%。（2）优势杂草种类越来越多,2009—2010年度调查时,相对优势度≥10.00%的只有播娘蒿、荠菜两种,后两次调查时,则分别为3种（增加了雀麦）和5种（增加了雀麦、节节麦和猪殃殃）。（3）禾本科杂草分布区域和危害程度逐年加大。2009—2010年度恶性禾本科杂草雀麦和节节麦主要分布在西北平原区、北部滨海区、中部山区;2013—2014年度扩散蔓延至南部山区、胶潍河谷平原区;2018—2019年度时已遍及全省。且危害程度逐渐加大,3次调查中雀麦相对优势度分别为7.66%、16.39%、17.94%;节节麦分别为3.08%、7.61%、11.38%;多花黑麦草、大穗看麦娘和野燕麦虽然总优势度不高,但也在逐渐增大。（4）婆婆纳、猪殃殃等阔叶杂草分布越来越广。3次调查中猪殃殃优势度分别为8.29%、8.94%、10.00%,逐年上升,分布区域也逐渐扩大,在山东省各个区域均大面积分布,尤其在西南平洼区、南部山区和中部山区分布最多,在西北平原区分布面积也很广;婆婆纳优势度分别为1.08%、1.18%、2.05%,主要分布在西南平洼区和南部山区,在其他区域也已有分布。（5）山东省7大小麦种植区域杂草群落变化最大的是胶东丘陵区,物种多样性呈现不断上升趋势,2009—2010年度时,反映物种多样性的香农指数仅高于北部滨海区,列第6位;2013—2014年度,超过西北平原区和胶潍河谷平原区,列第4位;2018—2019年度,仅次于南部山区,列第2位。【结论】耕作制度的变化、恶性杂草的传播入侵以及单一除草剂大面积连续应用明显推动了山东省冬小麦田杂草群落的变化。因此,在山东省冬小麦田杂草防控中,应推广化学除草剂与农艺措施相结合、根据田间草相精准选择除草剂以及不同机理除草剂轮换使用等杂草综合防控策略。

关键词: 山东省, 冬小麦田, 杂草群落分布, 演替规律

Abstract:

【Objective】In the past 10 years, the species, quantity and occurrence area of weeds in winter wheat field of Shandong Province have changed significantly. The objective of this study is to clarify the succession law and reason of weed community, and to provide a theoretical basis for making precise control strategy of weeds in wheat field. 【Method】A total of 300 investigation sites were investigated in the winter wheat field of Shandong Province, and three areas were selected for each investigation site. The weed community in winter wheat field of Shandong Province for each area was investigated three times from 2009 to 2019 using inverted W-pattern sampling method, and the distribution and change rule of weed community in seven regions of winter wheat field of Shandong Province were analyzed. 【Result】The characteristics of weed community changes in winter wheat field of Shandong Province were: (1) Descurainia sophia and Capsella bursa-pastoris had always been the dominant weeds in winter wheat field of Shandong Province, and the relative abundance of D. sophia always ranked first in the three surveys, which was 20.68%, 22.49% and 22.24%, respectively, and C. bursa-pastoris always ranked in the top three, with the relative abundance of 15.49%, 15.77% and 14.51%, respectively. (2) There were more and more species of dominant weeds, and the degree of weed damage was more and more serious. In the 2009-2010 annual survey, there were only two species D. sophia and C. bursa-pastoris with an relative abundance of ≥10.00%. In the last two surveys, there were three species (increased Bromus japonicus) and five species (increased B. japonicus, Aegilops squarrosa and Galium aparine). (3) The occurrence and harm degree of gramineous weeds increased gradually. In 2009-2010, B. japonicus and A. squarrosa were mainly distributed in northwest plain region, north coastal region and central mountain region, in 2013-2014, they spread to the southern mountain region and plain regions of middle Shandong, and in 2018-2019, they had spread all over the province. The relative abundance of B. japonicus was 7.66%, 16.39% and 17.94% in the three surveys, and that of A. squarrosa was 3.08%, 7.61% and 11.38%, respectively. Although the total dominance of Lolium multiflorum, Alopecurus myosuroides and Avena fatua was not high, but it increased gradually. (4) The distribution of broad-leaved weeds such as Veronica persica and G. aparine was increasing. The relative abundance of G. aparine in the three surveys was 8.29%, 8.94% and 10.00%, respectively, which increasing year by year, and the distribution area was gradually expanding. Now it was widely distributed in all regions of Shandong Province, especially in the southwest plain region, the southern mountain region and central mountain region, and also in the northwest plain region. The relative abundance of V. persica in the three surveys was 1.08%, 1.18% and 2.05%, respectively, V. persica mainly distributed in the southwest plain region and southern mountain region, and had also been distributed in other regions. (5) The largest change of weed community was occurred in hill regions of eastern Shandong, and the species diversity showed a rising trend. In 2009-2010, the Shannon Wiener index, which reflected species diversity, was only higher than the north coastal region, ranking sixth. In 2013-2014, it surpassed the northwest plain region and plain regions of middle Shandong, ranking fourth. In 2018-2019, it ranked second, only was lower than that of the southern mountain region. 【Conclusion】The change of farming system, the spread and invasion weeds and the continuous application of single herbicide in large area obviously promote the change of weed community in winter wheat field of Shandong Province. According to the results of weed change in winter wheat field of Shandong Province, the comprehensive weed control strategies of chemical herbicide and agronomic measures, precise control technology and alternative use of herbicides with different mechanisms should be promoted.

Key words: Shandong Province, winter wheat field, weed community distribution, succession law

高兴祥,张悦丽,安传信,李美,李健,房锋,张双应. 山东省冬小麦田杂草群落调查及其变化原因分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(24): 5230-5239.

GAO XingXiang,ZHANG YueLi,AN ChuanXin,LI Mei,LI Jian,FANG Feng,ZHANG ShuangYing. Investigation and Analysis of Weed Community Succession in Winter Wheat Field of Shandong Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(24): 5230-5239.

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麦田杂草 Weed in wheat field	胶东丘陵区 Hill regions of eastern Shandong	南部山区 The southern mountain region	胶潍河谷平原区 Plain regions of middle Shandong	中部山区 The middle mountain region	西南平洼区 The southwest plain region	西北平原区 The northwest plain region	北部滨海区 The north coastal region	山东全省 Shandong Province
播娘蒿Descurainia sophia	16.59	17.45	20.85	25.05	15.71	30.56	31.22	22.49
雀麦Bromus japonicus	13.56	2.70	26.65	20.23	2.00	25.42	26.16	16.39
荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris	16.63	11.34	20.44	22.93	13.60	11.13	14.32	15.77
猪殃殃Galium aparine	4.81	15.65	2.49	12.97	17.55	9.05	0.06	8.94
节节麦Aegilops squarrosa	4.97	0.05	6.35	15.82	5.92	10.32	9.86	7.61
看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis	10.72	9.48	0	0.10	6.66	0.23	0	3.88
小花糖芥Erysimum cheiranthoides	0.49	2.93	5.03	8.74	2.41	6.41	0.58	3.80
麦家公Lithospermum arvense	2.35	5.96	3.00	2.84	3.20	2.28	0.33	2.85
泽漆Euphrbia serpyllifolia	0	18.51	0	0.16	1.08	0	0	2.82
刺儿菜Cepalanoplos segetum	1.30	3.65	1.82	3.28	2.62	0.36	0	1.86
麦瓶草Silene conoidea	0.40	2.60	2.53	4.94	0.64	0.81	0	1.70
打碗花Calystegin hederacea	0.83	2.76	2.69	3.14	1.96	0	0	1.63
婆婆纳Veronica persica	1.15	1.96	0	0.88	3.83	0.46	0	1.18
多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum	2.99	0	0	0.11	4.13	0	0	1.03

麦田杂草 Weed in wheat field	胶东丘陵区 Hill regions of eastern Shandong	南部山区 The southern mountain region	胶潍河谷平原区 Plain regions of middle Shandong	中部山区 The middle mountain region	西南平洼区 The southwest plain region	西北平原区 The northwest plain region	北部滨海区 The north coastal region	山东全省 Shandong Province
播娘蒿Descurainia sophia	18.22	12.65	26.12	15.88	22.32	32.26	28.25	22.24
雀麦Bromus japonicus	9.35	9.25	23.25	21.16	18.22	28.12	16.25	17.94
荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris	16.25	11.35	18.22	20.11	11.05	13.56	11.05	14.51
节节麦Aegilops squarrosa	6.58	12.62	12.16	15.26	13.23	13.26	6.52	11.38
猪殃殃Galium aparine	5.12	16.22	4.12	13.65	17.26	9.38	4.25	10.00
看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis	6.25	15.25	0.22	0.25	0.28	0	1.01	3.32
麦家公Lithospermum arvense	3.25	3.05	3.36	1.52	4.62	2.66	2.22	2.95
小花糖芥Erysimum cheiranthoides	3.35	2.16	1.69	6.65	0.99	0.05	1.65	2.36
婆婆纳Veronica persica	1.66	4.16	0.13	1.39	6.25	0.11	0.65	2.05
麦瓶草Silene conoidea	2.68	0.65	2.01	0.73	1.12	0.36	3.65	1.60
牛繁缕Malachium aquaticum	3.02	5.12	0.72	0.75	0.96	0.12	0.06	1.54
大穗看麦娘Alopecurus myosuroides	0	1.01	0.05	3.21	3.06	0.86	1.01	1.52
泥胡菜Hemistepta lyrata	2.35	2.66	1.68	0.65	0	0	2.10	1.35
野燕麦Avena fatua	1.09	0.89	0.66	0.46	5.02	0.26	0.25	1.23
多花黑麦草Lolium multiflorum	1.32	3.32	0.05	0	2.66	0.06	0.01	1.06
刺儿菜Cepalanoplos segetum	0.96	1.52	0.65	0.96	1.72	0.62	0.66	1.01

区域 Region	香农指数Shannon Wiener index			辛普森指数Simpson index			均匀度指数Evenness index
区域 Region	2009-2010	2013-2014	2018-2019	2009-2010	2013-2014	2018-2019	2009-2010	2013-2014	2018-2019
胶东丘陵区 Hill regions of eastern Shandong	2.3589	2.0188	2.3320	0.1042	0.1217	0.1440	0.6311	0.5335	0.6200
南部山区 The southern mountain region	2.7887	2.2030	2.4134	0.0926	0.1193	0.1396	0.7326	0.5754	0.6340
胶潍河谷平原区 Plain regions of middle Shandong	2.5960	1.8634	1.8941	0.1108	0.1661	0.1742	0.7189	0.5018	0.5135
中部山区 The middle mountain region	2.8454	2.1018	2.0775	0.0822	0.1111	0.1384	0.7475	0.5490	0.5458
西南平洼区 The southwest plain region	2.9270	2.1135	2.2491	0.0818	0.0883	0.1223	0.7602	0.5520	0.5875
西北平原区 The northwest plain region	2.3979	1.7511	1.6994	0.1318	0.1940	0.2287	0.6858	0.4925	0.4819
北部滨海区 The north coastal region	2.3130	1.3518	1.8852	0.1644	0.1962	0.2073	0.6674	0.3802	0.5110