中国农业科学 ›› 2019, Vol. 52 ›› Issue (3): 478-490.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.03.008
收稿日期:
2018-06-06
接受日期:
2018-09-28
出版日期:
2019-02-01
发布日期:
2019-02-14
作者简介:
方慧婷
基金资助:
FANG HuiTing1,2(),MENG JiHua1(
),CHENG ZhiQiang1
Received:
2018-06-06
Accepted:
2018-09-28
Online:
2019-02-01
Published:
2019-02-14
摘要:
目的 研究在均衡施肥模式下,双山农场2012—2016年间土壤速效养分的时空变异特征,分析施肥管理、轮作模式等人为因素和气象、地形等自然因素对速效养分变化的影响,该研究成果可为土壤速效养分管理和作物变量施肥提供参考依据。方法 以双山基地农场为例,通过时间序列HJ-1 CCD遥感数据和作物模型WOFOST反演得到土壤速效养分。基于以上土壤速效养分数据在不同时间尺度(年际间和生长季内)和不同空间尺度(农场尺度和田块尺度)上的速效养分时空变异分析。利用土壤速效养分分级图来定性分析养分在5年内的空间变异特征;选取相应的统计参量对土壤速效养分的平均含量和变异性进行定量分析;利用线性回归来分析速效养分的变化量与初始含量的关系;以及养分变化曲线图分析速效养分的时间变化特征。结果 在均衡的农田施肥管理模式下,2012—2016年农场的土壤速效氮(AN)、速效磷(AP)和速效钾(AK)含量平均值变化不大,速效养分高值和低值都在向中间值靠拢,分别集中于280—360 mg·kg -1、38—42 mg·kg -1和160—200 mg·kg -1,该部分面积比例分别增加18.5%、23.1%和23.8%,养分含量整体呈现均一化特征。AN、AP和AK的变异系数分别从2012年的0.314、0.112和0.257变为2016年的0.131、0.034和0.098,速效养分分布的空间差异性在减弱。AN,AP变化量均与初始值呈现极显著的负相关,R 2分别为0.839和0.882,AK的R 2为0.569,其相关性较弱与土壤中的速效钾本身不稳定有关。通过相邻地块的养分变化分析可知,田块尺度上的土壤速效养分也表现出明显的均一化特征,轮作模式是影响田块间养分变化差异的主要因素,对于轮作模式完全相反的#1和#2田块,人工施肥决定了田块内养分变化的总体趋势,对于豆科作物,固氮作用对土壤速效氮的含量变化作用明显。温度升高在一定程度上会促进作物对养分的吸收,但这种影响不足以改变养分变化的总体趋势。土壤的淋洗对养分的空间变异起到决定性作用,特别是强度较大的降水。降水对养分空间变异的影响在地形差异较大的区域,表现得更加明显。 结论 农田的施肥管理和作物轮作模式是土壤速效养分变化的主导因素;其次是气候因素,雨水对土地的淋洗会导致土壤速效养分的流失和下降,该作用在地形差异较大的地区更加明显;速效养分的变化量与养分初始含量关系显著;温度的升高会促进土壤速效养分的降低,其影响力小于降水。以上变化规律均可纳入后期速效养分的预测研究中,对这些影响因子赋予不同的权值,进行预测模型的构建。以期对作物年际间和生长季内的速效养分的变化进行实时动态监测。
方慧婷,蒙继华,程志强. 基于遥感与作物模型的土壤速效养分时空变异分析[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(3): 478-490.
FANG HuiTing,MENG JiHua,CHENG ZhiQiang. Spatio-Temporal Variability of Soil Available Nutrients Based on Remote Sensing and Crop Model[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(3): 478-490.
表3
研究区2012—2016年月平均气温及降水量统计"
年度 Year | 指标 Item | 1 Jan. | 2 Feb. | 3 Mar. | 4 Apr. | 5 May | 6 Jun. | 7 Jul. | 8 Aug. | 9 Sep. | 10 Oct. | 11 Nov. | 12 Dec. | 平均值 Mean | 总和 Sum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 平均温度 Average temperature (℃) | -28.8 | -21.1 | -8.9 | 4.5 | 13.8 | 20 | 22.3 | 19.1 | 12.9 | 2.7 | -11.2 | -24.5 | 0 | / |
总降水量 Total precipitation (mm) | 0.9 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 12.9 | 25.3 | 140.1 | 88.6 | 26.3 | 175.2 | 36.3 | 14.7 | 10.2 | / | 533.5 | |
2013 | 平均温度 Average temperature (℃) | -27.6 | -22 | -12.3 | 2 | 14.9 | 19.4 | 21.4 | 19.1 | 12.3 | 3 | -5.6 | -17.8 | 0.6 | / |
总降水量 Total precipitation (mm) | 6 | 9.8 | 12.4 | 13.9 | 93.8 | 109.8 | 228.1 | 104.8 | 51.5 | 39.1 | 12.4 | 5.4 | / | 687 | |
2014 | 平均温度 Average temperature (℃) | -24.6 | -23.7 | -7.1 | 8.2 | 12.5 | 21.5 | 20.5 | 19.6 | 12.1 | 2.2 | -8.8 | -20.9 | 1 | / |
总降水量 Total precipitation (mm) | 7.6 | 12.5 | 0 | 0.6 | 87.5 | 45.3 | 133.8 | 135.8 | 92.4 | 18.5 | 16.5 | 6.8 | / | 557.3 | |
2015 | 平均温度 Average temperature (℃) | -19.8 | -14.4 | -6.9 | 4.7 | 11.4 | 20 | 22.5 | 20.8 | 12.7 | 3.7 | -9.6 | -17.2 | 2.3 | / |
总降水量 Total precipitation (mm) | 0.1 | 22.6 | 7.3 | 16.1 | 37.4 | 60.3 | 14 | 106.1 | 72.4 | 25 | 1.3 | 6.9 | / | 369.5 | |
2016 | 平均温度 Average temperature (℃) | -22.1 | -18.3 | -3.8 | 4.6 | 13.8 | 17.1 | 21.35 | 18.91 | 14.09 | 0.103 | -16.8 | -21.46 | 0.6 | / |
总降水量 Total precipitation (mm) | 1.2 | 0.2 | 4 | 12 | 54.7 | 111.5 | 58.2 | 57.6 | 158.1 | 17.8 | 26.8 | 3.4 | / | 505.5 |
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