多样化轮作对土壤微生物群落特征和共现网络的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.19.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究不同轮作模式对土壤微生物群落特征和共现网络的影响，为改善土壤微环境，提升土壤生态系统稳定性与抗逆能力提供了理论依据。【方法】以华北平原冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作（WMWM）为对照，设置春甘薯与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作（SPWM）、春花生与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作（PWM）和春谷子与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作（MWM）3种轮作模式。基于6年田间定位试验，利用扩增子测序和随机森林等方法，系统分析不同轮作系统对土壤微生物多样性、群落组成、共现网络及其与土壤性质和产量的影响。【结果】与冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作（WMWM）相比，轮作显著提升了土壤微生物α多样性。其中，春甘薯与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作（SPWM）的细菌ACE指数较对照显著增加22.8%，春谷子与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作（MWM）的真菌ACE指数较对照显著增加52.2%，春花生与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作（PWM）和春谷子与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作（MWM）的细菌和真菌的Simpson指数和Shannon指数较冬小麦-夏玉米复种连作（WMWM）均显著增加。主成分分析（PCA）分析表明，多样化作物轮作改变了土壤微生物群落结构，形成了相对独特的微生物群落。轮作提高了变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）等优势细菌及子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）等优势真菌的相对丰度。春花生与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作（PWM）和春谷子与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作（MWM）的变形菌门（Proteobacteria）相对丰度分别较对照提高12.8%和14.0%；春甘薯、春花生和春谷子与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作的子囊菌门（Ascomycota）和球囊菌门（Glomeromycota）相对丰度比对照显著提高34.9%、42.7%和46.2%；同时，轮作增加了微生物共现网络的节点数，提高了平均聚类系数和模块化程度，正向互作比例提升。相关分析结果表明，细菌多样性、群落结构和共现网络与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有机碳显著相关，而真菌多样性、群落结构和共现网络与土壤全氮、速效钾、速效磷、铵态氮、微生物生物量氮显著相关。随机森林预测模型表明，铵态氮、硝态氮、真菌群落丰度、真菌多样性和真菌共现网络是影响产量的关键因素。【结论】多样化作物与冬小麦-夏玉米轮作通过优化土壤微生物群落结构，改善微生物共现网络结构，有效增强土壤生态系统的稳定性与复杂性，可为提升粮田土壤生态系统稳定性与抗逆能力提供理论依据。

关键词: 多样化轮作, 土壤微生物多样性, 土壤微生物群落, 微生物共现网络, 土壤理化性质

Abstract:

【Objective】This study investigated the effects of different rotation patterns on soil microbial community characteristics and co-occurrence networks, providing a theoretical basis for improving the soil microenvironment and enhancing the stability and stress resistance of soil ecosystems.【Method】In the North China Plain, winter wheat-summer maize double-cropping continuous cropping (WMWM) was used as the control, and three rotation patterns were established: spring sweet potato-winter wheat-summer maize rotation (SPWM), spring peanut-winter wheat-summer maize rotation (PWM), and spring millet-winter wheat-summer maize rotation (MWM). Based on a 6-year field positioning experiment, amplicon sequencing, random forest, and other methods were used to systematically analyze the effects of different rotation systems on soil microbial diversity, community composition, and co-occurrence networks, as well as their relationships with soil properties and yield.【Result】Among them, the bacterial ACE index under SPWM was significantly increased by 22.8% compared with the control; the fungal ACE index under MWM was significantly increased by 52.2% compared with the control; and the bacterial and fungal Simpson and Shannon indices under PWM and MWM were all significantly increased compared with WMWM. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that diversified crop rotation changed soil microbial community structure and formed relatively unique microbial communities. Rotation increased the relative abundances of dominant bacteria such as Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Actinobacteria, and dominant fungi such as Ascomycota and Glomeromycota. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria under PWM and MWM increased by 12.8% and 14.0%, respectively, compared with the control; the relative abundances of Ascomycota and Glomeromycota under SPWM, PWM, and MWM were significantly increased by 34.9%, 42.7%, and 46.2%, respectively, compared with the control. Meanwhile, rotation increased the number of nodes in the microbial co-occurrence network, increased the average clustering coefficient and modularity, and elevated the proportion of positive interactions. Correlation analysis showed that bacterial diversity, community structure, and co-occurrence networks were significantly correlated with soil total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and organic carbon, while fungal diversity, community structure, and co-occurrence networks were significantly correlated with soil total nitrogen, available potassium, available phosphorus, ammonium nitrogen, and microbial biomass nitrogen. The random forest prediction model indicated that ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, fungal community abundance, fungal diversity, and fungal co-occurrence network were key factors affecting yield.【Conclusion】Diversified crop rotations with winter wheat-summer maize optimize soil microbial community structure and improve microbial co-occurrence network structure, thereby effectively enhancing the stability and complexity of the soil ecosystem, and can provide a theoretical basis for improving the stability and stress resistance of arable soil ecosystems.

Key words: diversified rotation, soil microbial diversity, soil microbial community, microbial co-occurrence network, soil physicochemical properties

王璐莹, 杨杰, 卢海涛, 王欣, 赵英龙, 杨杰, 王贵彦. 多样化轮作对土壤微生物群落特征和共现网络的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(19): 4250-4262.

WANG LuYing, YANG Jie, LU HaiTao, WANG Xin, ZHAO YingLong, YANG Jie, WANG GuiYan. Effects of Diversified Crop Rotation on Soil Microbial Community Characteristics and Co-Occurrence Network[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(19): 4250-4262.

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处理 Treatment		丰富度指数Richness index		多样性指数Diversity index
处理 Treatment		ACE	Chao1	Simpson	Shannon
细菌 Bacteria	WMWM	5221.6±46.12c	5199.8±158.68b	0.997±0.0002b	10.2±0.13b
	SPWM	6411.7±70.69a	6010.2±167.58a	0.998±0.00006a	10.5±0.01a
	PWM	5970.6±57.62b	5577.0±327.35ab	0.998±0.00009a	10.5±0.01a
	MWM	6036.4±63.34b	6018.5±45.08a	0.998±0.00003a	10.5±0.03a
真菌 Fungi	WMWM	176.3±2.53d	173.1±3.62d	0.982±0.0008b	6.4±0.05c
	SPWM	330.9±4.65b	324.3±3.69b	0.983±0.003ab	7.0±0.04b
	PWM	309.0±3.80c	279.5±6.58c	0.988±0.0005a	7.1±0.05b
	MWM	369.1±9.44a	365.9±3.96a	0.988±0.001a	7.3±0.04a

处理 Treatment	细菌Bacteria				真菌Fungi
处理 Treatment	WMWM	SPWM	PWM	MWM	WMWM	SPWM	PWM	MWM
节点Node	48	62	69	80	41	51	59	62
模组化Modularization	0.27	0.45	0.66	0.62	0.52	0.40	0.59	0.63
平均聚类系数Average clustering coefficient	0.24	0.20	0.35	0.15	0.33	0.20	0.36	0.31
平均度数Average degree	1.50	1.61	2.08	1.25	2.50	1.96	1.72	1.61
密度Density	0.02	0.03	0.04	0.16	0.06	0.04	0.03	0.03
平均加权度Average weighted degree	8.70	9.65	12.50	7.50	15.00	11.77	10.35	9.68
正向链接Positive link (%)	66	50	45	46	49	47	50	54
负向链接Negative link (%)	34	50	55	54	51	53	50	46

处理 Treatment	全氮 Total nitrogen (g·kg^-1)	铵态氮 Ammonium nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	硝态氮 Nitrate nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	pH	有机碳 Organic carbon (g·kg^-1)	速效磷 Available phosphorus (mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Available potassium (mg·kg^-1)	微生物生物量碳 Microbial biomass carbon (mg·kg^-1)	微生物生物量氮 Microbial biomass nitrogen (mg·kg^-1)	生物量 Biomass (kg·hm^-2)	产量 Yield (kg·hm^-2)
WMWM	1.25± 0.01c	2.23± 0.06c	28.79± 0.45c	7.55± 0.03b	11.9± 0.36c	39.62± 0.05c	122.74± 0.74c	130.64± 1.84d	31.79± 0.62c	18666.86± 151.74d	8773.43± 71.32d
SPWM	1.38± 0.04b	3.77± 0.35b	34.82± 0.20b	7.43± 0.01c	14.76± 0.19a	43.17± 0.50b	132.69± 1.07b	166.34± 1.52b	34.82± 0.20b	20936.11± 69.96b	9839.97± 32.88b
PWM	1.49± 0.03ab	3.83± 0.15b	35.64± 0.27b	7.07± 0.01d	12.87± 0.53bc	45.74± 0.22a	132.63± 1.00b	149.06± 1.39c	38.23± 0.40a	21400.86± 138.93a	10058.41± 65.30a
MWM	1.41± 0.02a	4.85± 0.09a	38.14± 0.39a	7.69± 0.03a	13.46± 0.29b	43.47± 0.25b	146.39± 1.19a	181.84± 2.74a	34.3± 0.34b	19657.68± 102.56c	9239.11± 48.21c