生物质炭可溶性有机物化学组成及生物活性意义

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2022.11.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

生物质热解炭化过程中,有机可挥发组分从固相逸出,冷凝后重新吸附于生物质炭,成为其中的可溶性有机物。生物质炭可溶性有机物化学组成复杂,主要含小分子有机物与芳香类化合物且含有丰富的官能团,具有较高的化学反应活性和生物活性,可显著地改变土壤中养分元素和污染物的形态与有效性,影响土壤微生物组成与丰度,调控作物的生长与健康。依生物质原料和热解条件的差异,生物质炭可溶性有机物的化学结构与生物活性功能也不尽相同。生物质炭可溶性有机物的生物活性意义主要表现为对生物的刺激作用,但部分生物质炭可溶性有机物可能具有一定的潜在毒性风险。通过提取生物质炭可溶性有机物可生产具有生物刺激作用的商品液体有机肥,从而实现生物质炭的分值利用。未来需要进一步加强生物质炭可溶性组分的生物活性或毒性物质的鉴定及其形成机制的研究,这对于生物质炭产品的优化是十分必要的,也是应用生物质炭尽量避免环境风险的要求。

关键词: 热解炭化, 生物质炭, 可溶性有机物, 生物活性, 土壤-植物系统

Abstract:

Volatile organic components escape from the solid feedstock when biomass pyrolyze, which is re-absorbed onto the surface of biochar in the form of dissolvable organic matter (DOM) following cooling. The condense Biochar DOM has a complex chemical composition, mainly containing small molecular weight organics, polycyclic hydrocarbons rich in functional groups. With high activity of chemical reaction and biological stimulation, the biochar DOM may alter the form and availability of nutrients and pollutants, mediating microbial abundance and community structure, and regulating plant growth and metabolism. These activities and chemical compositions vary with types of biomass feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. The role of biochar DOM in biological regulation is generally recognized as bio-promotion though a few DOM molecules is known of potential toxicity to plants, animals and microbes. In order to reach a differential and valorized utilization, the biochar DOM could be extracted for producing commercial liquid fertilizer. The identification of potential bio-toxic molecules in biochar DOM in relation to feedstock and pyrolysis condition deserve further studies, which is fundamental for optimizing production of biochar and biochar-derived products, and minimizing environmental risks following land allocation.

Key words: pyrolysis, biochar, dissolvable organic matter, bioactivity, soil-plant system

卞荣军,刘晓雨,郑聚锋,程琨,张旭辉,李恋卿,潘根兴. 生物质炭可溶性有机物化学组成及生物活性意义[J]. 中国农业科学, 2022, 55(11): 2174-2186.

BIAN RongJun,LIU XiaoYu,ZHENG JuFeng,CHENG Kun,ZHANG XuHui,LI LianQing,PAN GenXing. Chemical Composition and Bioactivity of Dissolvable Organic Matter in Biochars[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2022, 55(11): 2174-2186.

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图/表 4

图1

图2

表1

不同原料及热解温度下制备的生物质炭可溶性有机碳（DOC）含量"

生物质炭 Biochar	热解温度 Pyrolysis temperature (℃)	提取方法/温度 Extraction method/Temperature	DOC含量 DOC content (g·kg^-1)	参考文献 References
柳相思木炭 Saligna biochar	380	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕10) BiocharDeionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕10) 50℃	0.37	[35]
混合木屑炭 Sawdust biochar	450		0.93
混合木屑炭 Sawdust biochar	550		0.04
桉树木炭 Jarrah biochar	600		0.04
小麦秸秆炭 Wheat straw biochar	350-450	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕20) Biochar﹕Deionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕20) 100℃	11.40	[24]
玉米秸秆炭 Maize straw biochar	350-450		3.10
花生壳炭 Peanut shell biochar	350-450		2.10
小麦秸秆炭 Wheat straw biochar	500-800		2.82
水稻秸秆炭 Rice straw biochar	500-800		2.43
稻壳炭 Rice husk biochar	650-850		0.66
玉米秸秆炭 Maize straw biochar	350-450		6.22
水稻秸秆炭 Rice straw biochar	400	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕300) Biochar: Deionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕300) 20℃	12.00	[13]
竹炭 Bamboo biochar	400		1.10
小麦秸秆炭 Wheat straw biochar	450	生物质炭：去离子水（m﹕v, 1﹕20） Biochar﹕Deionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕20) 100℃	22.84	[31]
水稻秸秆炭 Rice straw biochar	450		18.53
玉米秸秆炭 Maize straw biochar	450		22.82
玉米芯炭 Corncob biochar	450		18.53
油菜秸秆炭 Rape straw biochar	450		21.38
鸡粪炭 Chicken manure biochar	450		11.34
猪粪炭 Pig manure biochar	450		15.52
木屑炭 Sawdust biochar	450		5.00
甘蔗渣炭 Bagasse biochar	450		14.65
中药渣炭 Herb residues biochar	450		18.88
污泥炭 Sewage sludge biochar	450		8.25
稻壳炭 Rice husk biochar	450		15.77
芦苇炭 Reed biochar	450		10.32
竹炭Bamboo biochar	450		7.52
花生壳炭 Peanut shell biochar	450		16.94
小麦秸秆炭 Wheat straw biochar	350	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕20) Biochar﹕Deionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕20) 100℃	27.00	[16]
小麦秸秆炭 Wheat straw biochar	550		12.80
小麦秸秆炭 Wheat straw biochar	350	生物质炭﹕氢氧化钾 (m﹕v, 1﹕20) Biochar﹕KOH solution (m﹕v, 1﹕20) 100℃	41.40
小麦秸秆炭 Wheat straw biochar	550	生物质炭﹕氢氧化钾 (m﹕v, 1﹕20) Biochar﹕KOH solution (m﹕v, 1﹕20) 100℃	14.00
香蒲炭 Typha orientalis biochar	300	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕20) Biochar﹕Deionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕20) 20℃	5.96	[36]
	400		7.50
	500		10.20
	600		2.20
	700		1.63
生物质炭 Biochar	热解温度 Pyrolysis temperature (℃)	提取方法/温度 Extraction method/Temperature	DOC含量 DOC content (g·kg^-1)	参考文献 References
玉米秸秆炭 Maize straw biochar	300	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕80) Biochar﹕Deionized water (m:v, 1﹕80) 25℃	10.00	[37]
玉米秸秆炭 Maize straw biochar	500		7.00
水稻秸秆炭 Rice straw biochar	350	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕160) Biochar﹕Deionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕160) 25℃	0.47	[38]
	500		0.37
	700		0.32
大豆秸秆炭 Soybean straw biochar	700	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕75) Biochar﹕Deionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕75) 25℃	4.83	[39]
蒜苗秆炭 Garlic stem biochar	700		2.66
稻壳炭 Rich husk biochar	700		0.12
紫苏秆炭 Perilla biochar	700		16.40
鸡粪炭 Chicken manure biochar	200	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕100) Biochar﹕Deionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕100) 25℃	25.00	[40]
	300		12.50
	400		4.80
	500		0.50
	600		0.30
	700		0.17
羊粪炭 Sheep manure biochar	200		10.90
	300		1.25
	400		0.40
	500		0.30
	600		0.21
	700		0.21
猪粪炭 Pig manure biochar	200		16.60
	300		9.00
	400		4.00
	500		0.40
	600		0.35
	700		0.33
玉米秸秆炭 Maize straw biochar	450	生物质炭﹕去离子水 (m﹕v, 1﹕20) Biochar﹕Deionized water (m﹕v, 1﹕20) 25℃	3.14	[28]
水稻秸秆炭 Rice straw biochar	450		3.36
花生壳炭 Peanut shell biochar	450		8.13

表1

表2

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生物质原料 Biomass feedstock	热解温度 Pyrolysis temperature (℃)	提取剂 Extract solution	试验方式 Experiment type	作物 Crop	生物量 Biomass yield	品质 Quality	文献 Reference
稻壳 Rice husk	400	蒸馏水 Distilled water	盆栽 Pot	水稻 Rice	↑	●	[60]
水稻秸秆 Rice straw	400	蒸馏水 Distilled water	盆栽 Pot	水稻 Rice	↑	●	[62]
稻壳 Rice husk	650	去离子水 Deionized water	盆栽 Pot	小麦 Wheat	→	●	[22]
木屑 Sawdust	650	去离子水 Deionized water	盆栽 Pot	小麦 Wheat	→	●
菖蒲 Calamus	650	去离子水 Deionized water	盆栽 Pot	小麦 Wheat	↓	●
玉米秸秆 Maize straw	450	0.1 mol·L^-1HCl	盆栽 Pot	玉米 Corn	↑	●	[63]
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	450	0.1 mol·L^-1HCl	盆栽 Pot	玉米 Corn	↓	●
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	480	去离子水（100℃） Deionized water (100℃)	盆栽 Pot	不结球白菜 Chinese cabbage	↑	↑	[57]
玉米秸秆 Maize straw	500	去离子水（100℃） Deionized water (100℃)	盆栽 Pot	不结球白菜 Chinese cabbage	↑	↑
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	350	去离子水（100℃） Deionized water (100℃)	盆栽 Pot	不结球白菜 Chinese cabbage	↑	↑	[42]
	450	去离子水（100℃） Deionized water (100℃)	盆栽 Pot	不结球白菜 Chinese cabbage	↑	↑
	550	去离子水（100℃） Deionized water (100℃)	盆栽 Pot	不结球白菜 Chinese cabbage	→	→
小麦秸秆 Wheat straw	400	0.02 mol·L^-1KOH	盆栽 Pot	大蒜 Garlic	→	↑	[64]
	450	0.02 mol·L^-1KOH	盆栽 Pot	大蒜 Garlic	→	↑
	500	0.02 mol·L^-1KOH	盆栽 Pot	大蒜 Garlic	→	↑
玉米秸秆 Maize straw	450	木醋液 Wood vinegar	田间试验 Plot	空心菜 Water spinach	↑	↑	[65]