作物基因组学与作物科学革命

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.17.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 作物科学的发展对于世界粮食的增产起着重要的作用。本文回顾了第一次绿色革命的历史。通过比较中国与国际上矮化育种时间、矮源的来源以及同期主要绿色革命国家产量的提高幅度，证明中国应该是第一次绿色革命的策源地与发起国之一。包括“中国绿色革命”、杂交水稻等成果在内的中国作物科学研究成果对中国及世界作物生产作出了突出的贡献。当前中国的作物生产面临着严峻的挑战。第一次绿色革命之后的数十年间，中国小麦等主要粮食作物遗传改良年增长仅为0.7%—0.9%，远低于1.7%的需求；肥水利用效率仅为发达国家的1/3；机械化程度虽有较大的提高，但与发达国家相比仍有较大差距；农产品品质不能满足人们的需求，食品安全存在较大问题。鉴于上述情况，目前迫切需要开展一场以“更高产、更高效、更优质、更环保”为主要目标的新的绿色革命。尽管传统的作物科学对作物生产作出了巨大的贡献，但事实证明，仅靠传统的作物科学难以完成新的绿色革命重任。作物基因组学是当前生物科学领域发展最为迅速的一门新兴学科。当前大多数作物基因组测序已经完成，标志着作物科学已经进入基因组时代，为基于基因组学的作物科学研究奠定了基础。基因组学的发展正在促进作物科学在以下4个方面取得重要进展：（1）促进作物种质资源核心种质构建、重要农艺性状基因的克隆与种质资源的开发与利用，推动种质资源变异组学科的形成；（2）促进作物育种理论与育种方法的重大突破，推动育种基因组学的形成与发展；（3）推动环境条件与栽培措施影响基因表达调控的影响机制研究，一批受环境因素调控的基因将被发现，促进栽培学研究向栽培基因组学的方向发展；（4）迅速提高特色作物的研究水平，缩小作物间研究差距。当前是作物科学发展史上前所未有的高速发展时期，种质资源变异组学、育种基因组学与栽培基因组学的发展将引起作物科学的革命，并将由此引发新的绿色革命。文中分析了中国当前在研究队伍的组织、研究题目与研究材料的选择与研究成果的转化等方面存在的问题，并提出了解决方法及发展方向。

关键词: 作物科学, 基因组学, 作物种质资源, 作物育种, 作物栽培

Abstract: Development in the field of crop sciences is playing an important role in increasing yield throughout the world. The history of the first Green Revolution was overviewed in this paper. According to the initiation time, gene donors and increased yield caused by dwarfing breeding over the same period, China should be one of the origins and initiators of the first Green Revolution. The achievements in crop scientific researches including Chinese Green Revolution and hybrid rice have made great contributions to crop production all over the world. However, China is facing serious challenges in crop production. Over the decades after the first Green Revolution, the increasing percentage of production per year attributed to genetic breeding for major crops accounts for only 0.7%-0.9%, far from the required 1.7% in China. The efficiency of fertilization and watering is only one third of that in developed countries. Although agricultural mechanization improved a lot in China, big gaps still existed in comparison with developed countries. The quality of agricultural products can’t meet requirements, and food safety is still a big problem. In view of the above, a new Green Revolution, aimed at higher yielding, higher efficiency, better quality, and friendly environment, is imperative. Although traditional crop sciences have made great contributions to crop yield, they are not competent enough to complete the new Green Revolution. Crop genomics is booming as a new subject in the biological sciences. The finished genome sequencing for many crops has advanced crop sciences to genomic era, which highlights the genomics-based crop research. Genomics has promoted five distinct improvements in crop sciences: (1) Great progresses in germplasm-based researches have been achieved, such as the construction of core collection of crop germplasms, cloning of agricultural important genes, development and application of germplasm resources, and introduction of new subject of germplasm variome. (2) Breakthroughs in theory and methology for crop breeding resulted in a new subject of breeding genomics. (3) The effect of environment and cultivation management on gene expression and regulation will be clarified. A lot of genes regulated by environmental factors will be discovered. These will direct cultivation research to cultivation genomics. (4) The breeding level for minor crops will be improved rapidly. Therefore, the research gaps between major and minor crops are narrowing. Nowadays, crop sciences are developing at an unprecedented high speed. The development of germplasm variome, breeding genomics and culture genomics will lead to revolutions in crop sciences and hence result in a new green revolution. Some problems in scientific research of crop sciences in China were listed, including organizations, topics, materials used, and achievements transformation. How to deal with them and which are the directions are also discussed in this review.

Key words: crop science, genomics, crop germplasm, crop breeding, crop cultivation

贾继增，高丽锋，赵光耀，周文斌，张卫健. 作物基因组学与作物科学革命[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(17): 3316-3332.

JIA Ji-zeng, GAO Li-feng, ZHAO Guang-yao, ZHOU Wen-bin, ZHANG Wei-jian. Crop Genomics and Crop Science Revolutions[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(17): 3316-3332.

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