控释肥与普通肥料混施对设施番茄生长和土壤硝态氮残留的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2012.18.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】比较控释肥与普通肥料混配基施与常规施肥对设施番茄农学特性和环境效应的影响。【方法】以京郊设施番茄为对象，研究包膜控释肥与普通肥料混配基施对番茄株高、茎粗、叶片面积、叶绿素含量、根系分布，果实产量、品质，根层土壤（0—30 cm）无机氮动态和收获后残留硝态氮的影响。【结果】番茄产量为84.1—90.8 t•hm-2，处理间没有明显差异，但控释肥处理（CN270）明显降低了果实的硝酸盐含量，并提高了糖酸品质。与常规施肥相比（N450），控释肥处理（CN270）减施氮肥40%后番茄的株高、茎粗、叶绿素含量均没有降低，叶片面积有增加趋势并在第三穗果膨大期明显增加。番茄根系主要分布在0—30 cm土层内，根长密度值为0.39—1.75 cm•cm-3。CN270与N450处理根长密度值接近，均明显高于常规减量施肥处理（N270）。在整个果实膨大期间，CN270处理的表层土壤中（0—30 cm）无机氮含量为643—796 kg•hm-2，形成了充足的氮素供应；收获后，CN270处理的硝态氮主要残留在表层土壤中，减少了NO3--N向下层的淋洗。【结论】与常规处理的多次施肥相比，控释肥处理在氮肥减量40%后番茄产量没有降低，并且改善了果实品质，促进了根系生长，减小了NO3--N的淋洗。因此，控释肥和普通肥料混配基施是设施番茄优质高效生产的一种有效施肥措施。

关键词: 设施番茄, 控释肥料, 根系分布, 土壤NO3--N

Abstract: 【Objective】An experiment was conducted in greenhouse in a Beijing suburb to evaluate the effects of mixed application of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) and common fertilizers on tomato growth and its environmental pollution. 【Method】Plant height，diameter, leaf area and chlorophyll, root distribution, fresh fruit yield and quality, mineral N (Nmin) dynamics in the 0 to 30 cm soil layer and NO3--N residual at harvest in the 0-180 cm soil profile were investigated. 【Result】The results showed that fruit yields were 84.1-90.8 t•hm-2 and there was no significant difference among treatments. However, in the controlled-release fertilizer treatment (CN270), fruit nitrate concentration was decreased and the sugar or acid content was improved when compared with other treatments. Plant height and diameter, or leaf chlorophyll were not reduced and leaf area was enlarged and then reached a remarkable difference level at the third spike fruit expanding stage in the CN270 treatment, when compared with the conventional fertilizer treatment (N450) which received 40% more nitrogen than the CN270 treatment. Most of the root system was concentrated in the top 30 cm of the soil profile, where root length density ranged between 0.39 and 1.75 cm•cm-3. Values of root length density from the N450 and CN270 treatments were similar, but were obviously larger than that from another conventional fertilizer treatment which received 270 kgN•hm-2(N270). Nmin ranged from 643 to 796 kg•hm-2 in the CN270 treatment in the 0-30 cm soil layer at fruit expanding stage, and a better N supply to meet plant requirement was also observed. At harvest, most of NO3--N accumulation in the surface soil layer in CN270 treatment resulted in less nitrate leaching down to the deeper soil layer. 【Conclusion】It was be concluded that the application of CRF and common fertilizers at a lower N rate achieved the same yield and higher fruit quality, better root growth and less leaching of NO3--N to deeper soil layers, when compared to conventional fertilization at a higher or same N rate. The mixed application of CRF and common fertilizer on the greenhouse tomato is a better way to obtain a better-quality fruit and energy-saving production system.

Key words: greenhouse tomato, controlled-release fertilizer, root distribution, soil nitrate

杨俊刚, 张冬雷, 徐凯, 倪小会, 肖强, 曹兵, 刘宝存, 邹国元. 控释肥与普通肥料混施对设施番茄生长和土壤硝态氮残留的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2012, 45(18): 3782-3791.

YANG Jun-Gang, ZHANG Dong-Lei, XU Kai, NI Xiao-Hui, XIAO Qiang, CAO Bing, LIU Bao-Cun, ZOU Guo-Yuan. Effects of Mixed Application of Controlled-release Fertilizer and Common Fertilizers on Greenhouse Tomato Growth, Yield, Root Distribution, and Soil Nitrate Residual[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2012, 45(18): 3782-3791.

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