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For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails Select The evolution and diurnal expression patterns of photosynthetic pathway genes of the invasive alien weed, Mikania micrantha WANG Kang-kang, JIN Meng-jiao, LI Jing-jing, REN Ye-song, LI Zai-yuan, REN Xing-hai, HUANG Cong, WAN Fang-hao, QIAN Wan-qiang, LIU Bo 2024, 23 (2): 590-604.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.011 Abstract （154）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Mikania micrantha is a fast-growing global invasive weed species that causes severe damage to natural ecosystems and very large economic losses of forest and crop production.  It has advantages in photosynthesis, including a similar net photosynthetic rate as C4 plants and a higher carbon fixation capacity.  We used a combination of genomics and transcriptomics approaches to study the evolutionary mechanisms and circadian expression patterns of M. micrantha.  In M. micrantha, 16 positive selection genes focused on photoreaction and utilization of photoassimilates.  In different tissues, 98.1% of the genes associated with photoresponse had high expression in stems, and more than half of the genes of the C4 cycle had higher expression in stems than in leaves.  In stomatal opening and closing, 2 genes of carbonic anhydrase (CAs) had higher expression at 18:00 than at 8:00, and the slow anion channel 1 (SLAC1) and high-leaf-temperature 1 kinase (HT1) genes were expressed at low levels at 18:00.  In addition, genes associated with photosynthesis had higher expression levels at 7:00 and 17:00.  We hypothesized that M. micrantha may undergo photosynthesis in the stem and flower organs and that some stomata of the leaves were opening at night by CO2 signals.  In addition, its evolution may attenuate photoinhibition at high light intensities, and enhance more efficient of photosynthesis during low light intensity.  And the tissue-specific photosynthetic types and different diurnal pattern of photosynthetic-related genes may contribute to its rapid colonization of new habitats of M. micrantha. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of mutations on acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) function in Cyperus difformis L. Xiaotong Guo, Xiangju Li, Zheng Li, Licun Peng, Jingchao Chen, Haiyan Yu, Hailan Cui 2024, 23 (1): 177-186.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2023.04.009 Abstract （189）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Cyperus difformis L. is a troublesome weed in paddy fields and has attracted attention due to its resistance to acetohydroxyacid synthase (AHAS) inhibitors.  It was found that the amino acid mutation in AHAS was the primary cause for the resistance of Cyperus difformis.  However, the effect of different mutations on AHAS function is not clear in Cyperus difformis.  To confirm the effect of mutations on AHAS function, six biotypes were collected, including Pro197Arg, Pro197Ser, Pro197Leu, Asp376Glu, Trp574Leu and wild type, from Hunan, Anhui, Jiangxi and Jiangsu provinces, China and the function of AHAS was characterized.  The AHAS in vitro inhibition assay results indicated that the mutations decreased the sensitivity of AHAS to pyrazosulfuron-ethyl, in which the I50 (the half maximal inhibitory concentration) of wild type AHAS was 0.04 μmol L–1 and Asp376Glu, Pro197Leu, Pro197Arg, Pro197Ser and Trp574Leu mutations were 3.98, 11.50, 40.38, 38.19 and 311.43 μmol L–1, respectively.  In the determination of enzyme kinetics parameters, the Km and the maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) of the wild type were 5.18 mmol L–1 and 0.12 nmol mg–1 min–1, respectively, and the Km values of AHAS with Asp376Glu, Trp574Leu, Pro197Leu and Pro197Ser mutations were 0.38–0.93 times of the wild type.  The Km value of the Pro197Arg mutation was 1.14 times of the wild type, and the Vmax values of the five mutations were 1.17–3.33-fold compared to the wild type.  It was found that the mutations increased the affinity of AHAS to the substrate, except for the Pro197Arg mutation.  At a concentration of 0.0032–100 mmol L–1 branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), the sensitivity of the other four mutant AHAS biotypes to feedback inhibition decreased, except for the Pro197Arg mutation.  This study elucidated the effect of different mutations on AHAS function in Cyperus difformis and provided ideas for further study of resistance development.   Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Occurrence pattern and morphological polymorphism of weedy rice in China WANG Hao-quan, DAI Wei-min, ZHANG Zi-xu, LI Meng-shuo, MENG Ling-chao, ZHANG Zheng, LU Huan, SONG Xiao-ling, QIANG Sheng 2023, 22 (1): 149-169.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.001 Abstract （302）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Rice, the main food crop in China, has been sporadically reported to suffer from weedy rice infestation.  However, the overall occurrence and distribution pattern of Chinese weedy rice remains unclear because a systematic survey has not been conducted.  In order to reveal the infestation of Chinese weedy rice, a field survey was conducted in 999 sampling sites all over the rice-growing regions in China from 2009 to 2016 using seven-scale visual scoring of the level of weed infestation.  Weedy rice was found 39% occurrence incidence in a total of 387 sites.  The sampling sites with 50% or higher overall weedy rice infestation index mainly radiated from Jiangsu, Heilongjiang, Ningxia and Guangdong to the whole East China, Northeast China, Northwest China and South China.  A total of 45 morphological characters from 287 populations (collected simultaneously with the field survey) out of those occurred sites were observed and analyzed using multivariate analysis in common gardens with the same cultivation conditions in 2017 and 2019.  Canonical correlation analysis showed that 45 morphological characters were significantly related to the latitude, mean temperature, minimum temperature, precipitation and mean diurnal range factors.  The 287 weedy rice populations were divided into three morphological groups with climate-dependent geographical differentiation: strong tiller type only in Jiangsu, large leaf type in South China and Central China and large grain type mainly in North China.  Weedy rice seriously infested rice fields and had a geography, climate and cultivated rice type-dependent morphological and biotype differentiation in China.  It is suggested to pay attention to the harmfulness of weedy rice and adopt comprehensive control strategies. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Herbicidal activity and biochemical characteristics of the botanical drupacine against Amaranthus retroflexus L. YU Hua-long, TIAN Ci, SHEN Rong-yan, ZHAO Han, YANG Juan, DONG Jin-gao, ZHANG Li-hui, MA Shu-jie 2023, 22 (5): 1434-1444.   DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.120 Abstract （686）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Botanical herbicide has been a hot topic in the research and development of novel pesticides.  The herbicidal activity and biochemical characteristics of the botanical compound drupacine were studied by evaluating its effects on seed germination, seedling growth, morphological and physiological characteristics of Amaranthus retroflexus.  Drupacine inhibited seed germination and seedling growth, and had a median inhibition concentration (IC50) value of 38.99 mg L−1 against A. retroflexus root.  The α-amylase activity and soluble sugar content in treated plants were significantly lower than that of the control.  The expression of α-amylase gene was dosage-dependently inhibited compared to the untreated control.  This suggested that inhibition of α-amylase activity was a mode of action on seed germination.  The root hairs were significantly decreased and part of the root cap fell off after treatment with drupacine.  The ultrastructure observation showed that cell damage of root tips increased with the treatment time.  Drupacine also increased the relative conductivity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content.  Peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were significantly enhanced in the treatment compared to the control.  These findings indicated that the physiological and biochemical reaction changes leading to morphological and membrane injuries were the main effects of drupacine on the inhibition of seedling growth.  Drupacine can be developed as a botanical herbicide.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Transcriptomic analysis reveals the transcription factors involved in regulating the expression of EPSPS gene, which confers glyphosate resistance of goosegrass (Eleusine indica) ZHANG Chun, YU Chao-jie, ZHANG Tai-jie, GUO Wen-lei, TIAN Xing-shan 2021, 20 (8): 2180-2194.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63682-1 Abstract （169）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) and overexpression of the EPSPS gene is one of the molecular mechanisms conferring glyphosate resistance in weeds.  A regulatory sequence of EPSPS gene was isolated previously, and an alteration in its 5´-untranslated region (UTR) pyrimidine (Py)-rich stretch element is involved in the regulation of EPSPS expression in glyphosate-resistant (GR) Eleusine indica.  However, the transcription factors involved in this regulatory sequence remain to be elucidated.  In this study, we investigated the regulatory network of EPSPS overexpression associated genes in a GR E. indica population by RNA-seq.  The differentially expressed transcript analyses revealed that glyphosate treatment caused an increase in the expression of 2 752 unigenes and a decrease in the expression of 4 025 unigenes in the GR E. indica, compared to the glyphosate-susceptible (GS) E. indica.  Among them, 1 373 unigenes were identified to be co-expressed with the EPSPS gene in GR E. indica.  GO and KEGG pathway analyses showed that the up-regulated unigenes were mainly enriched in chloroplasts and associated with the shikimate biosynthesis pathway, chlorophy II and peroxisome metabolism processes.  Notably, the expression of a Shikimate kinase which catalyzed the conversion of Shikimate to Shikimate 3-phosphate (S3P, a substrate of EPSPS), was also up-regulated.  Eight transcription factors were identified as likely to be involved in the regulation of the EPSPS expression, and three of them (ARF2, ARF8 and BPC6) showed more binding sites because of a (CT)n insertion of the 5´-UTR Py-rich stretch element in GR.  However, the yeast one-hybrid assay illustrated that ARF8 and BPC6 could bind to the 5´-UTR Py-rich stretch element of wild type EPSPS, but could not bind to the mutated form.  Our data suggests that the transcriptional regulation of EPSPS expression is complex and was significantly altered in GR E. indica.  These discoveries provide new references for further study of the EPSPS overexpression mechanism that endows glyphosate resistance.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Beneficial rhizobacterium provides positive plant–soil feedback effects to Ageratina adenophora SUN Yuan-yuan, ZHANG Qiu-xin, ZHAO Yun-peng, DIAO Yue-hui, GUI Fu-rong, YANG Guo-qing 2021, 20 (5): 1327-1335.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63234-8 Abstract （123）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Rhizosphere microbial communities play important roles in facilitating or inhibiting the establishment of exotic species.  Since some invasive plants interact with soil microbial communities such as rhizosphere bacteria, changes triggered by rhizosphere bacteria may alter competitive interactions between exotic and native plants.  This study compared the Bacillus cereus content in soils with different degrees of Ageratina adenophora invasion, and investigated the effects of A. adenophora allelochemicals on B. cereus growth and soil characteristics and the feedback effects of B. cereus on A. adenophora growth.  Bacillus cereus content in the rhizosphere of A. adenophora increased with intensification of the invasion process, and newly invaded soil contained almost twice as much bacteria as noninvaded soil.  When rhizosphere soil was added to the root exudates of A. adenophora, the contents of B. cereus were twice as much as the control, except on the first day.  Certain soil parameters increased significantly, such as ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) and available phosphorus (AP), which were increased by 41 and 27%, respectively.  Soil treatment with B. cereus promoted the degradation of two allelochemicals from the rhizosphere of A. adenophora, amorpha-4,7(11)-dien-8-one and 6-hydroxy-5-isopropy1-3,8-dimethyl-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydraphthalen-2(1H)-one, to varying degrees; and increased the germination rate by 50%, root length by 117%, shoot length by 48% and fresh weight by 81% for A. adenophora compared to those of untreated soil.  Our results confirmed that the invasion of A. adenophora will promote an increase of B. cereus, a beneficial rhizosphere bacterium, which in turn induces a positive feedback effect on A. adenophora. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Herbicidal activity of Aureobasidium pullulans PA-2 on weeds and optimization of its solid-state fermentation conditions GUO Qing-yun, CHENG Liang, ZHU Hai-xia, LI Wei, WEI You-hai, CHEN Hong-yu, GUO Liang-zhi, WENG Hua, WANG Jian 2020, 19 (1): 173-182.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62738-3 Abstract （127）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Fungal strain PA-2 was isolated from infected poplar leaves from the Ping’an District, Haidong City of Qinghai Province, China.  Based on the culture characteristics and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of its 16S rDNA, the strain was identified as Aureobasidium pullulans.  The culture and metabolites of strain PA-2 showed high herbicidal potential to five tested weeds Galium aparine var. tenerum, Chenopodium album, Malva crispa, Polygonum lapathifolium and Avena fatua.  For the in vitro test, 5 days after the detached leaves were inoculated with PA-2 culture, all leaves infected by the hyphae and became black and rotten.  For the in vivo test, a metabolite filtrate of PA-2 culture was sprayed over the living weed plants, and five days after inoculation, the weed plants became withered and necrotic.  Seven days after inoculation, the fresh weight reductions of G. aparine var. tenerum, C. album, M. crispa, P.?lapathifolium and A.?fatua were 87.25, 78.46, 82.25, 62.11, and 80.27%, respectively.  Galium aparine var. tenerum and M. crispa exhibited significant reductions in fresh weight.  The bio-safety test on the five crops showed no significant plant height reductions, which was also observed for wheat (Triticum aestivum), faba bean (Vicia faba), and barley (Hordeum vulgare).  By contrast, oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and pea (Pisum sativum) exhibited light spots but no significant reductions in plant height.  These results indicated that A.?pullulans could be a potential microbial herbicide for the control of the target weeds in crops.  Optimization of the carbon and nitrogen sources for cultural media and substances for solid-state fermentation indicated that PA-2 had better colony growth and spore production with the optimal carbon source of glucose (C4), nitrogen source of soybean flour (N2), and the optimal substance was wheat bran.  The results in this study provide useful information for the development of A.?pulluans PA-2 as an herbicide for bio-control of the weed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Fitness of F1 hybrids between stacked transgenic rice T1c-19 with cry1C*/bar genes and weedy rice HUANG Yao, WANG Yuan-yuan, QIANG Sheng, SONG Xiao-ling, DAI Wei-min 2019, 18 (12): 2793-2805.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62662-6 Abstract （107）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Compared to single-trait transgenic crops, stacked transgenic plants may be more prone to become weedy, and transgene flow from stacked transgenic plants to weedy relatives may pose a potential environmental risk because these hybrids could be more advantageous under specific environmental conditions.  Evaluation of the potential environmental risk caused by stacked transgenes is essential for assessing the environmental consequences caused by crop-weed transgene flow.  The agronomic performance of fitness-related traits was assessed in F1+ (transgene positive) hybrids (using the transgenic line T1c-19 as the paternal parent) in monoculture and mixed planting under presence or absence glufosinate pressure in the presence or absence of natural insect pressure and then compared with the performance of F1– (transgene negative) hybrids (using the non-transgenic line Minghui 63 (MH63) as the paternal parent) and their weedy rice counterparts.  The results demonstrated that compared with the F1– hybrids and weedy rice counterparts, the F1+ hybrid presented higher performance (P<0.05) or non-significant changes (P>0.05) under natural insect pressure, respectively, lower performance (P<0.05) or non-significant changes (P>0.05) in the absence of insect pressure in monoculture planting, respectively.  And compared to weedy rice counterparts, the F1+ hybrid presented higher performance (P<0.05) or non-significant changes (P>0.05) in the presence or absence of insect pressure in mixed planting, respectively.  The F1+ hybrids presented non-significant changes (P>0.05) under the presence or absence glufosinate pressure under insect or non-insect pressure in monoculture planting.  The all F1+ hybrids and two of three F1– hybrids had significantly lower (P<0.05) seed shattering than the weedy rice counterparts.  The potential risk of gene flow from T1c-19 to weedy rice should be prevented due to the greater fitness advantage of F1 hybrids in the majority of cases.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of tillage and burial depth and density of seed on viability and seedling emergence of weedy rice ZHANG Zheng, GAO Ping-lei, DAI Wei-min, SONG Xiao-ling, HU Feng, QIANG Sheng 2019, 18 (8): 1914-1923.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62583-9 Abstract （183）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Weedy rice (Oryza sativa f. spontanea) is one of the three worst paddy weeds in most rice growing areas.  The unexpected heavy infestation is derived from a persistence of soil seed bank of weedy rice, which the shattered seeds chiefly feed back to.  Information on soil seed bank dynamics is imperative to predict the infestation of weeds.  In the present paper, the effect of rotary tillage on weedy rice seed bank structure was studied first, and a burial experiment of marked seeds was conducted to observe the overwintering survival, seed viability and seedling emergence of weedy rice.  The results showed that the proportion of weedy rice seeds in deeper soil increased but seedling emergence decreased with increasing plowing depth.  The viability of weedy rice seeds decreased as the burial duration time extended but more slowly in deeper soil layers.  Additionally, there was no significant effect of burial density on seed viability.  Moreover, the logistic model fitted well (R2≥0.95, P≤0.01) with the depressive trends of seed viability with increasing burial time under all burial depths and densities which can provide us further information about seed survival.  In field experiments, number of seedling emergence significantly decreased as seed burial depth increased, conversely, proportion of seedling emergence increased as seed burial density decreased.  This study has important implications for determining strategies for weedy rice management by exhausting its seed bank through the alteration of tillage practices. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Preparation and characterization of atrazine-loaded biodegradable PLGA nanospheres CHEN Xiao-ting, Tongxin Wang 2019, 18 (5): 1035-1041.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62613-4 Abstract （185）      PDF in ScienceDirect       Atrazine is the second mostly used herbicide in USA, but low utilization ratio causes severe environmental problem, so controlled release system is highly needed in order to minimize the negative impact on environment.  In this paper, a herbicide delivery system, atrazine-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by forming an oil-in-water emulsion using the emulsion-solvent evaporation method.  By varying the preparation conditions of PLGA-NPs, such as sonication time, surfactant content, solvent fraction, and polymer content, the particle sizes of the PLGA-NPs were well controlled from 204 to 520 nm.  The morphology and size distribution of PLGA-NPs were evaluated using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).  Both the encapsulation efficiency and release profile of the herbicide from the PLGA-NPs were typically evaluated by using 2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine (atrazine, ATZ) as the model.  ATZ encapsulation efficiency within the PLGA-NPs was ranged from 31.6 to 50.5%.  The release profiles of ATZ-loaded PLGA-NPs exhibited a much slower release rate in comparison with that of pure herbicide.  The results demonstrated that the prepared PLGA-NPs had a high encapsulation efficiency and slow release rate, which could be used as a promising herbicide release system in agriculture to diminish the impact on the environment and minimize the potential harm to the farmers.  Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select Weed growth, herbicide efficacy, and rice productivity in dry seeded paddy field under different wheat stubble management methods Muhammad Zia-Ul-Haq, Abdul Khaliq, Qiang Sheng, Amar Matloob, Saddam Hussain, Saba Fatima, Zeshan Aslam 2019, 18 (4): 907-926.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62004-0 Abstract （268）      PDF （1875KB）（249）       To ascertain the influence of wheat stubble management options and chemical weed control methods on weed growth and productivity of dry direct-seeded fine rice, a two years’ field study was undertaken at the Agronomic Research Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan in 2013 and 2014.  Different wheat stubble management methods, viz., incorporation, burning and retention were executed during seed-bed preparation.  While, herbicide treatments comprised of a weed check, weed free, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl, and bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl.  Results revealed that weed control efficacy of both herbicide treatments ranged from 84 to 94%.  Herbicide treatments significantly reduced weed density (88–90%) and dry weight (86–88%), while improved the rice growth attributes compared with weed check.  Application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention recorded 226 and 273% increase in kernel yield over weedy check in 2013 and 2014, respectively.  In stubble incorporation, pendimethalin followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl was more effective in increasing (256–293%) rice yields over weedy check.  Among different treatment combinations, the maximum net benefits (1 397.49–1 472.22 USD ha–1), net returns (636–700 USD ha–1), benefit cost ratio (1.77–1.83) and marginal rate of return (2 187–2 330%) were recorded with the application of bispyribac sodium followed by fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention.  In crux, application of bispyribac sodium followed by tank mixture of fenoxaprop p-ethyl+ethoxysulfuron ethyl in stubble retention is efficient approach to control weeds, and get maximum rice productivity and net economic returns under dry seeded system. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics Select An investigation of weed seed banks reveals similar potential weed community diversity among three different farmland types in Anhui Province, China HE Yun-he, GAO Ping-lei, QIANG Sheng 2019, 18 (4): 927-937.   DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62073-8 Abstract （319）      PDF （1086KB）（569）       Crop type is one of main factors influencing weed community structure.  However, the identity of weed communities associated with the cultivation of different crops in farmlands remains largely unclear.  A field survey of weed seed banks was conducted in 2 280 fields at 228 sites of 62 locations representing three different types of farmland (95 paddy, 73 summer-ripe, and 60 autumn-ripe farmlands) along the bank of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, China.  A total of 43 families and 174 species of weeds were found in these weed seed banks.  A comparison of the composition of weed groups in the seed banks showed that the species number and density percentage of grass, sedge and broadleaf weed groups were similar among the different types of farmland.  The seed banks of all three farmland types shared 71 common weed species, accounting for 40.80% of the total number of species.  These common weeds, which were both associated and not associated with crops, accounted for 91.71% of the total dominance degree among all farmland types.  The crop-associated weed species were distributed in all soil layers of each farmland type.  The Shannon-Wiener index H´ (description of species diversity which is more sensitive to dense species) and Pielou’s evenness index J (description of species evenness) in summer-ripe farmland were similar to those in autumn-ripe farmland but differed from those in paddy farmland.  However, the Simpson’s index D (description of species diversity which is more sensitive to sparse species) was similar among all three farmland types.  The results of similarity comparison indicated that although the aboveground weed community differed among the different cropping patterns, the weed species composition in the soil seed bank was still similar.  Consequently, our results demonstrate that after the implementation of long-term monoculture patterns, weed species compositions in the soil seed bank in different farmlands become homogenized regardless of the crop type.    Reference | Related Articles | Metrics