Benjamin L B, Alexander P, Hermann L, Jan P D, Susanne R, Isabelle W, Christoph S, Christoph M, Markus B, Florian H, Anne B, Miodrag S. 2014. Reactive nitrogen requirements to feed the world in 2050 and potential to mitigate nitrogen pollution. Nature Communications, 5, 3858.

Benyamin K, Shahin R, Pan J, Zhang Y T, Liu H B. 2020. A multi-criteria evolutionary-based algorithm as a regional scale decision support system to optimize nitrogen consumption rate: A case study in North China Plain. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120213.

Bohman B J, Rosen C J, Mulla D J. 2021. Relating nitrogen use efficiency to nitrogen nutrition index for evaluation of agronomic and environmental outcomes in potato. Field Crops Research, 262, 108041.

Bouwman A F, Lee D S, Asman W A H, Dentener F J, VanderHoek K W, Olivier J G J. 1997. A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 256, 120213.

Cai S Y, Zhao X, Liu X J, Yan X Y. 2023. Nitrogen management to minimize yield-scaled ammonia emission from paddy rice in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin: A meta-analysis. Environmental Pollution, 318, 120854.

Chen X P, Cui Z L, Fan M S, Peter V, Zhao M, Ma WQ, Wang Z L, Zhang W J, Yan X Y, Yang J C, Deng X P, Gao Q, Zhang Q, Guo S W, Ren J, Li S Q, Ye Y L, Wang Z H, Huang J L, Tang Q Y, et al. 2014. Producing more grain with lower environmental costs. Nature, 514, 486–489.

Chen X P, Cui Z L, Peter M V, Kenneh G C, Pamela A M, Bai J S, Meng Q F, Hou P, Yue S C, Volker R, Zhang F S. 2011. Integrated soil-crop system management for food security. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 6399–6404.

Chen X X, Zhang W Z, Wang X Z, Liu YM, Yu B G, Chen X P, Zou C Q. 2021. Life cycle assessment of a long-term multifunctional winter wheat–summer maize rotation system on the North China Plain under sustainable P management. Science of the Total Environment, 783, 147039.

Christiaens M E R, Gildemyn S, Matassa S, Ysebaert T, Vrieze J D, Rabaey K. 2017. Electrochemical ammonia recovery from source-separated urine for microbial protein production. Environmental Science and Technology, 51, 13143–13150.

Conijn J G, Bindraban P S, Schröder J J, Jongschaap R E E. 2018. Can our global food system meet food demand within planetary boundaries? Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 251, 244–256.

Ding Z J, Hu R, Cao Y X, Li J T, Xiao D K, Hou J, Wang X X. 2024. Integrated assessment of yield, nitrogen use efficiency and ecosystem economic benefits of use of controlled-release and common urea in ratoon rice production. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 3186–3199.

Elrys A S, Metwally M S, Raza S, Alnaimy M A, Shaheen S, Chen Z J, Zhou J B. 2020. How much nitrogen does Africa need to feed itself by 2050? Journal of Environmental Management, 268, 110488.

Gu B J, Ju X T, Chang J, Ge Y, Peter M V. 2015. Integrated reactive nitrogen budgets and future trends in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 8792–8797.

Gu B J, Ju X T, Chang S X, Ge Y, Chang J. 2017. Nitrogen use efficiencies in Chinese agricultural systems and implications for food security and environmental protection. Regional Environmental Change, 17, 1217–1227.

Guha T, Gopal G, Mukherjee A, Kundu R. 2022. Fe3O4-urea nanocomposites as a novel nitrogen fertilizer for improving nutrient utilization efficiency and reducing environmental pollution. Environmental Pollution, 292, 118301.

Hao T X, Zhu Q C, Zeng M F, Shen J B, Shi X J, Liu X J, Zhang F S, Vries W D. 2020. Impacts of nitrogen fertilizer type and application rate on soil acidification rate under a wheat–maize double cropping system. Journal of Environmental Management, 270, 110888.

Islam S, Zhang J J, Zhao Y, She M Y, Ma, W J. 2021. Genetic regulation of the traits contributing to wheat nitrogen use efficiency. Plant Science, 303, 110759.

Jeanette S, Chen W Q, Barbara W. 2019. Integrating multiple data sources for learning analytics - review of literature. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 14,11.

Jia Y L, Wang Q F, Zhu J X, Chen Z, He N P, Yu G R. 2019. A spatial and temporal dataset of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen wet deposition in China (1996–2015). China Scientific Data, 4, 8–17. (in Chinese)

Jia Y L, Wang Q F, Zhu J X, Chen Z, He N P, Yu G R. 2021. A spatial and temporal dataset of atmospheric inorganic nitrogen dry deposition in China (2006–2015). China Scientific Data, 6, 213–221. (in Chinese)

Ju X T, Gu B J, Wu Y Y, Jame N G. 2016. Reducing China’s fertilizer use by increasing farm size. Global Environmental Change, 41, 26–32.

Ju X T, Xing G X, Chen X P, Zhang S L, Zhang L J, Liu X J, Cui Z L, Yin B, Peter C, Zhu Z L, Zhang F S. 2009. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 3041–3046.

Jules P, Tim G B, Zareen P B, Lynn V D, Cornelia B F, H Charles J G, Dave G, Sue H, Nic L, Carol M, Gary P, Vara P, John R, Johan R, Pete S, Peter T, Steve W. 2018. Global assessment of agricultural system redesign for sustainable intensification. Nature Sustainability, 1, 441–446.

Kanter D R, Bell A R, Mcdermid S S. 2019. Precision agriculture for smallholder nitrogen management. One Earth, 1, 281–284.

Kelly N E, Guijarro S J, Zimmerman R. 2021. Anthropogenic nitrogen loading and risk of eutrophication in the coastal zone of Atlantic Canada. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 263, 107630.

Kong D L, Zhang X D, Yu Q D, Jin Y G, Jiang P K, Wu S, Liu S W, Zou J W. 2024. Mitigation of N2O emissions in water-saving paddy fields: Evaluating organic fertilizer substitution and microbial mechanisms. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 23, 3159–3173.

Kong X B, Lal R, Li B G, Liu H B, Li K J, Feng G L, Zhang Q P, Zhang B B. 2014. Fertilizer intensification and its impacts in China’s HHH Plains. Advances in Agronomy, 125, 135–169.

Li B W, Shen Y Q. 2021. Effects of land transfer quality on the application of organic fertilizer by large-scale farmers in China. Land Use Policy, 100, 105124.

Li H R, Mei X R, Nangia V, Guo R, Liu Y E, Hao W P, Wang J D. 2021. Effects of different nitrogen fertilizers on the yield, water- and nitrogen-use efficiencies of drip-fertigated wheat and maize in the North China Plain. Agricultural Water Management, 243, 106474.

Li M, Fu Q, Singh V P, Liu D, Li T X, Li J. 2020a. Sustainable management of land, water, and fertilizer for rice production considering footprint family assessment in a random environment. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120785.

Li M, Fu Q, Singh V P, Liu D, Li T X, Zhou Y. 2020b. Managing agricultural water and land resources with tradeoff between economic, environmental, and social considerations: A multi-objective non-linear optimization model under uncertainty. Agricultural Systems, 178, 102685.

Li W C, Zhai L M, Lei Q L, Wollheim W M, Liu J, Liu H B, Hu W L, Ren T Z, Wang H Y, Liu S. 2018. Influences of agricultural land use composition and distribution on nitrogen export from a subtropical watershed in China. Science of the Total Environment, 642, 21–32.

Liu X, Li M, Guo P, Zhang Z X. 2019. Optimization of water and fertilizer coupling system based on rice grain quality. Agricultural Water Management, 221, 34–46.

Lyu X D, Wang T, Ma Z M, Zhao C Y, Siddique K H M, Ju X T. 2019. Enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers maintain yields and mitigate global warming potential in an intensified spring wheat system. Field Crops Research, 244, 107624.

Mueller N D, Gerber J S, Johnston M, Ray D K, Foley J A. 2012. Closing yield gaps through nutrient and water management. Nature, 490, 254–257.

NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China). 2016. China Rural Statistical Yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing. pp. 113–196. (in Chinese)

NBSC (National Bureau of Statistics of China). 2020. China Rural Statistical Yearbook. China Statistics Press, Beijing. pp. 149–155. (in Chinese)

Qian F K, Rattan L, Wang Q B. 2021. Land evaluation and site assessment for the basic farmland protection in Lingyuan County, Northeast China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 31, 128097.

Qiao J, Wang J, Zhao D, Zhou W, Graeme S, Yan T M, Liu D L. 2022. Optimizing N fertilizer rates sustained rice yields, improved N use efficiency, and decreased N losses via runoff from rice–wheat cropping systems. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 324, 107724.

Quan Z, Zhang X, Fang Y T, Eric A D. 2021. Different quantification approaches for nitrogen use efficiency lead to divergent estimates with varying advantages. Nature Food, 2, 241–245.

Ren H, Han K, Liu Y E, Zhao Y L, Zhang L H, He Q J, Li Z H, Liu P, Wang H Z, Zhang J W, Zhao B. 2020. Improving smallholder farmers’ maize yields and economic benefits under sustainable crop intensification in the North China Plain. Science of the Total Environment, 763, 143035.

Schwertman N C, Owens M A, Adnan R. 2004. A simple more general boxplot method for identifying outliers. Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 47, 165–174.

Tan Y C, Xu C, Liu D X, Wu W L, Rattan L, Meng F Q. 2017. Effects of optimized N fertilization on greenhouse gas emission and crop production in the North China Plain. Field Crops Research, 205, 135–146.

Tian D, Zhang Y Y, Mu Y J, Zhou Y Z, Zhang C L, Liu J F. 2017. The effect of drip irrigation and drip fertigation on N2O and NO emissions, water saving and grain yields in a maize field in the North China Plain. Science of the Total Environment, 575, 87–96.

Wang H Y, Zhang Y T, Chen A Q, Liu H B, Zhai L M, Lei B K, Ren T Z. 2017. An optimal regional nitrogen application threshold for wheat in the North China Plain considering yield and environmental effects. Field Crops Research, 207, 52–61.

Wang X Q, Shi W J, Sun X F, Wang M. 2018. Comprehensive benefit evaluation and regional differences of construction projects of well-facilitated farmland in Huang-Huai-Hai region. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 34, 238–248. (in Chinese)

Wang X Q, Shi W J, Sun X F, Wang M. 2020. Comprehensive benefits evaluation and its spatial simulation for well-facilitated farmland projects in the Huang-Huai-Hai Region of China. Land Degradation and Development, 31, 1837–1850.

Wu Y Y, Xi X C, Tang X, Luo, D M, Gu B J, Shu Kee Lam P M V, Chen D L. 2018. Policy distortions, farm size, and the overuse of agricultural chemicals in China. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 115, 7010–7015.

Xiang M T, Yu Q Y, Li Y, Shi Z, Wu W B. 2022. Increasing multiple cropping for land use intensification: The role of crop choice. Land Use Policy, 112, 105846.

Xu C, Han X, Ru S H, Laura C, Robert M, Wu D, Wu W L, Meng F M. 2019. Crop straw incorporation interacts with N fertilizer on N2O emissions in an intensively cropped farmland. Geoderma, 341, 129–137.

Xu H, Huang X J, Zhong T Y, Chen, Z G, Yu J. 2014. Chinese land policies and farmers’ adoption of organic fertilizer for saline soils. Land Use Policy, 38, 541–549.

Yang F, Li R, Cui Y, Duan Y H. 2010. Utilization and development strategy of organic fertilizer resources in China. Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China, 4, 77–82. (In Chinese)

Yin Y L, Zhao R F, Yang Y, Meng Q F, Ying H, Kenneth G C, Cong W F, Tian X S, He K, Wang Y C, Cui Z L, Chen X P, Zhang F S. 2021. A steady-state N balance approach for sustainable smallholder farming. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118, e2106576118.

Zhang B B, Su S S, Duan C X, Feng H, Chau H W, He J Q, Li Y, Rober L H, Wu S F, Zou Y F. 2022. Effects of partial organic fertilizer replacement combined with rainwater collection system on soil water, nitrate-nitrogen and apple yield of rainfed apple orchard in the Loess Plateau of China: A 3-year field experiment. Agricultural Water Management, 260, 107295.

Zhang D, Wang H Y, Pan J T, Luo J F, Jian L, Gu B J, Liu S, Zhai L M, Stuart L, Zhang Y T, Lei Q L, Wu S X, Pete S, Liu H B. 2018. Nitrogen application rates need to be reduced for half of the rice paddy fields in China. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 265, 8–14.

Zhang G, Sun B F, Zhao H, Wang X K, Zheng C Y, Xiong K N, Ouyang Z Y, Lu F, Yuan Y F. 2019. Estimation of greenhouse gas mitigation potential through optimized application of synthetic N, P and K fertilizer to major cereal crops: A case study from China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 237, 117650.

Zhang L, Yan C X, Guo Q, Zhang J B, Jorge R M. 2018. The impact of agricultural chemical inputs on environment: Global evidence from informetrics analysis and visualization. International Journal of Low-carbon Technologies, 13, 338–352.

Zhang W, Cao G, Li X, Zhang H, Wang C, Liu Q, Chen X, Cui Z, Shen J, Jiang R. 2016. Closing yield gaps in China by empowering smallholder farmers. Nature, 537, 671.

Zhang X, Eric A D, Denise L M, Timothy D S, Patrice D, Shen Y. 2015. Managing nitrogen for sustainable development. Nature, 528, 51–59.

Zhang Y T, Wang H Y, Lei Q L, Luo J F, Stuart L, Zhang J Z, Zhai L M, Wu S X, Zhang J S, Liu X X, Ren T Z, Liu H B. 2018. Optimizing the nitrogen application rate for maize and wheat based on yield and environment on the Northern China Plain. Science of the Total Environment, 618, 1173–1183.

Zhao C, Huang H, Qian Z H, Jiang H X, Liu G M, Xu K, Hu Y J, Dai Q G, Huo Z Y. 2021. Effect of side deep placement of nitrogen on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of single season late japonica rice. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 20, 1487–1502.

Zhao R F, Chen X P, Zhang F S, Zhang H L, Jackie S, Volker R. 2006. Fertilization and nitrogen balance in a wheat–maize rotation system in North China. Agronomy Journal, 98, 873–1171.

Zuo L J, Zhang Z X, Kimberly M C, Graham K M, Kate A, Liu Y C, Zhang W, Zhang H Y, Wu W B, Zhang X L, Wang X, Liu B, Yi L, Wen Q K, Liu F, Xu J Y, Hu S G, Sun F F, James S G, Paul C W. 2018. Progress towards sustainable intensification in China challenged by land-use change. Nature Sustainability, 1, 304–313.