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摘要
我国是农业大国，每年会产生大量的农业固体废弃物，其中畜禽粪便年产量约38亿吨，作物秸秆年产量约9亿吨，农产品加工废弃物年产量约2亿吨。农业固体废弃物作为重要的可再生资源，具有巨大的资源化利用潜力和价值，对其进行合理的资源化不仅有利于环境保护，而且能够创造极大的经济效益。进入21世纪以来，已有大量的研究利用微生物转化（好氧和厌氧）的方式实现畜禽粪便的资源化，但目前还缺乏关于作物秸秆和农产品加工废弃物微生物转化过程中微生物多样性变化及其与不同种类重金属互作关系的研究。另外，昆虫转化（蚯蚓和黑水虻等）是一种新兴的、具有高附加值的农业固体废弃物处理方式，但目前对该过程中重金属不同形态的转化特征、微生物功能特点和转化机制等研究较少。鉴于此，本专题组织了这方面的论文，报道了相关研究方向的最新进展。其中，Chang et al.（2021）报道了作物秸秆堆肥过程中堆体微生物多样性的变化规律；Cui et al.（2021）研究发现通过在秸秆和猪粪联合好氧堆肥中添加磷矿石可以改变堆体微生物群落结构，从而降低堆体内重金属的生物有效性；Liu et al.（2021）主要研究了Trichoderma guizhouense在甜菊糖渣固态发酵中孢子的产量及其对玉米生长的影响；Wang et al.（2021）研究了黑水虻转化猪粪过程中重金属移动性和生物有效性的变化；Zhang et al.（2021）总结了黑水虻转化畜禽粪便过程中微生物的功能特点、影响因素及机制。我们希望通过此专题相关文章的发表可以推动不同农业固体废弃物相关资源化利用过程中的基础和应用研究。
Abstract China, one of the world’s largest agricultural countries, inevitably generates a massive amount of agricultural solid waste (ASW) every year. As it is estimated, China annually produced 3.8 billion, 900 million and 200 million tons of livestock and poultry manure, crop straw, and agricultural product processing waste, respectively (Cong et al. 2020). As an important renewable resource, ASW has great potential and value for resource utilization. Efficient utilization of ASW is not only beneficial to environmental protection, but also provides great economic benefits. Since the beginning of the 21st century, research has been fruitful on how to utilize livestock and poultry manure by microbial conversion (Chen et al. 2019; Feng et al. 2020). However, we have not yet fully understood the changes in microbial diversity and its interaction with different heavy metals during the microbial conversion process of crop straw and agricultural product processing waste. In addition, insect-based bioconversion (i.e., by earthworms, black soldier flies, etc.) is an emerging and high-value method for ASW treatment. However, more research is needed to identify the factors influencing the insect-based bioconversion process, investigate the role of microorganisms, and explore the conversion mechanisms in which ASW is converted into multiple valuable commodities by insects, such as proteins, biofuels, fertilizers, etc. Therefore, in this special focus of ‘Resource utilization of agricultural solid waste’, five papers, respectively contributed by Chang et al. (2021), Cui et al. (2021), Liu et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2021) and Zhang et al. (2021), showcase the latest research progress on ASW utilization. Chang et al. (2021) report the dynamics of microbial diversity during crop straw composting. Cui et al. (2021) demonstrate that the addition of phosphate rock in swine manure and maize straw composting could reduce the bioavailability of heavy metals by influencing the bacterial communities. Liu et al. (2021) evaluate the feasibility to employ stevia residue in eco-friendly fermentation of Trichoderma guizhouense. Wang et al. (2021) investigate the changes in speciation, mobility and bioavailability of different heavy metals during the conversion process of pig manure by black soldier flies. Zhang et al. (2021) summarize the functional characteristics of microorganisms, influencing factors (such as larval density, manure temperature, type of manure and so on), and possible mechanisms during the conversion processes of livestock and poultry manure by black soldier fly larvae. It is hoped that the studies presented in this special focus could enhance our basic and applied knowledge in the field of resource utilization of ASW, and stimulate further innovative research in this area.
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