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| Factors affecting hydraulic conductivity and methods to measure in plants |
| GENG Da-li1, 2, 3, LI Lei1, YANG Yu-sen1, MA Feng-wang1, GUAN Qing-mei1 |
1 State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple/College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, P.R.China
2 Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, P.R.China
3 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250014, P.R.China
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摘要
在干旱胁迫下，植物的液压网络面临数项挑战，而导水率是液压网络对干旱压力响应的主要指标之一。本文回顾了我们对直接影响水力传导率的因素及其测量方法的理解，简要介绍了植物液压网络对干旱胁迫的响应的两个主要节点：植物水通道蛋白（AQPs）和维管，并讨论了如何测量液压网络中不同部分的导水率。方法：测量导水率的方法有蒸发通量法(EFM)、高压流量计(HPFM)和真空泵法。其中EFM基于压力泵定量分析蒸腾量（E）和叶水势，需要足够高的蒸腾速率来解决压力弹的驱动梯度；HPFM基于仪器中压缩空气提供的高压下流入叶片的水质量的测量，当从叶柄流入叶片、从气孔流出的水分达到稳定状态时，可以计算出叶片的电导率，但一次只能检测一个叶子，大约需要20到30分钟才能达到稳定的流。而真空泵法是一种改进的HPFM，首先将叶子切下放入保温瓶中，叶柄与提供缓冲溶液的试管连接。真空泵抽出保温瓶的空气，并提供亚大气压以驱动缓冲液流入叶片，然后，可以通过不同压力下进入叶片的缓冲流率的回归斜率来测量叶片的电导率。结果：植物水网对干旱胁迫响应的两个主要节点，其中植物水通道蛋白(AQPs)节点是一类跨膜蛋白，由6个跨膜的外螺旋和5个环组成，形成了一个高度特殊的过滤器，只允许水通过。在干旱胁迫下，脱落酸(ABA)在木质部和其他植物组织中迅速积累，而大多数AQPs的表达随着ABA的积累而降低，根和叶中AQPs对ABA的响应不同，这对植物适应干旱胁迫具有重要意义。AQPs的活性不仅显著影响“把关”细胞的水分吸收和外质运输，同时在气孔运动中也起着重要作用。而维管节点是水从根到芽的运输工具，同时维管的特性也决定了植物的轴向水力传导性(Tombesi et al. 2010)，而维管栓塞是导致植物脱水死亡的重要原因。目前测量植物导水率主要有蒸发通量法(EFM)、高压流量计(HPFM)和真空泵法这三种，其中高压流量计的应用最为广泛，但均会对植物造成损伤且检测耗时。其中EFM类似于体内的蒸腾通量，但需要足够高的蒸腾速率来解决压力弹的驱动梯度；与EFM不同，HPFM可以用于测量生长和膨胀叶片的电导率。当叶片不能充分蒸发时，HPFM方法也允许在光和温度不足的条件下测量电导率；而真空泵法是一种改进的HPFM法，这种方法对于每个样品大约需要2小时，并且亚大气压不足以模拟一个可以驱动水从叶片中流出的力(Flexas et al. 2013)。结论：高通量植物表型越来越多地应用于植物研究 (Gehan and Kellogg 2017; Marko et al. 2018; Mir et al. 2019)，因此开发用于测量导水率的高通量技术将对未来的研究极为有用。但是由于导水率受许多因素的影响，因此确保相关因素保持一周甚至更长时间内的稳定是一项重大挑战。目前蒸发通量法(EFM)、高压流量计(HPFM)和真空泵法是检测导水率三种主要的方法，但均会对植物造成损伤且耗时，因此目前急需更先进的方法来更快、更容易和更精确地测量导水率。创新点：本文简要介绍了植物水网对干旱胁迫响应的两个主要节点，植物水通道蛋白(AQPs)和维管，同时介绍了蒸发通量法(EFM)、高压流量计(HPFM)和真空泵法这三种检测植物导水率的原理及特点。进一步阐述了目前急需开发更先进的高通量技术来更快、更容易和更精确地测量导水率，这将对未来植物表型的研究意义重大。
Abstract The plant hydraulic network faces several challenges under drought stress. Hydraulic conductivity is one of the major indicators of the hydraulic network’s response to drought stress. Here, we review our current understanding of the factors directly affecting hydraulic conductivity and the methods used to measure it.
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Received: 29 June 2020
Accepted: 04 August 2020
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| Fund: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31622049 and 31660565). Dr. Guan qingmei is also supported by the Thousand Talents Plan of China. |
| About author: GENG Da-li, E-mail: arberting@outlook.com; Correspondence GUAN Qing-mei, Tel/Fax: +86-29-87082864, E-mail: qguan@nwsuaf.edu.cn |
Cite this article:
GENG Da-li, LI Lei, YANG Yu-sen, MA Feng-wang, GUAN Qing-mei.
2022.
Factors affecting hydraulic conductivity and methods to measure in plants. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 21(2): 310-315.
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