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| Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) concentrations in the South Korean agricultural environment: A national survey |
| Geun-Hyoung Choi1, Deuk-Young Lee2, Dong-Kyu Jeong2, Saranya Kuppusamy2, Yong Bok Lee2, Byung-Jun Park1, Jin-Hyo Kim2 |
1 Chemical Safety Division, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
2 Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Plus), Institute of Agriculture and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea |
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Abstract Research on the occurrence of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) such as perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the agricultural environment is lacking, in spite of their potential risk via food chain transfer from aquatic and soil-plant systems to animals and/or humans. In the present study, for the first time, soil and water samples collected from 243 different agricultural sites adjacent to waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) belonging to 81 cities and 5 provinces with different levels of industrialization in South Korea were monitored for concentrations of PFOS and PFOA by use of solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). Significant mean concentrations of PFOA (0.001–0.007 µg L–1 water and <0.05–1.573 µg kg–1 soil) and PFOS (0.001–0.22 µg L–1 water and <0.05–0.741 µg kg–1 soil) were found in all samples. Concentrations of PFCs in soils were high, highlighting that soil is an important sink for PFCs in the agricultural environment. Samples from near WWTPs in Gyeongsang Province contained the highest concentrations of PFOS and PFOA, reflecting the concentration of heavy industry in the province. The concentrations of PFCs in agricultural water (most samples <0.05 µg L–1) and soils (most samples <1 µg kg–1) from South Korea were less than acceptable guideline values, indicating that South Korea is not a hotspot of PFOS and PFOA contamination and that there is negligible risk to human and ecological health from these chemicals. However, further studies investigating the seasonal variation in PFOA, PFOS and other perfluorochemical concentrations in the agricultural environment are needed.
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Received: 25 October 2016
Accepted:
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| Fund: This study was carried out with the support of the Research Program for Agricultural Science & Technology Development (PJ010896), the National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Republic of Korea. |
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Corresponding Authors:
Correspondence Jin-Hyo Kim, Tel: +82-55-7721961, Fax: +82-55-7721969, E-mail: jhkim75@gnu.ac.kr
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Cite this article:
Geun-Hyoung Choi, Deuk-Young Lee, Dong-Kyu Jeong, Saranya Kuppusamy, Yong Bok Lee, Byung-Jun Park, Jin-Hyo Kim .
2017.
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) concentrations in the South Korean agricultural environment: A national survey. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 16(08): 1841-1851.
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