|
|
|
Food safety management and regulation: International experiences and lessons for China |
L Unnevehr, V Hoffmann |
1、Agricultural and Consumer Economics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 81601, USA
2、International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C. 20006, USA |
|
|
摘要 China is experiencing rapid urbanization, changes in diets, and modernization of food retailing and production. In this context, food safety can become a greater concern for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this article is to review the international experiences and lessons regarding food safety management, regulation, and consumer behavior, with the goal of identifying how to improve food safety in middle income countries such as China. International experience in addressing food safety provides two general kinds of lessons. First, a middle-income country such as China needs to develop the capacity to carry out risk analysis in order to better focus public resources on the most important risks. Second, it will be important to leverage market incentives so as to make the best use of limited public capacity to enforce standards. International experiences show that food safety management is feasible where market incentives exist, and that public-private partnerships can support the process of improving food safety management. Market incentives require effective consumer or buyer demand, mechanisms to identify and reward quality, and supply chain coordination. Public efforts can be targeted to supporting these market developments for the risks that are the greatest burden to public health.
Abstract China is experiencing rapid urbanization, changes in diets, and modernization of food retailing and production. In this context, food safety can become a greater concern for a variety of reasons. The purpose of this article is to review the international experiences and lessons regarding food safety management, regulation, and consumer behavior, with the goal of identifying how to improve food safety in middle income countries such as China. International experience in addressing food safety provides two general kinds of lessons. First, a middle-income country such as China needs to develop the capacity to carry out risk analysis in order to better focus public resources on the most important risks. Second, it will be important to leverage market incentives so as to make the best use of limited public capacity to enforce standards. International experiences show that food safety management is feasible where market incentives exist, and that public-private partnerships can support the process of improving food safety management. Market incentives require effective consumer or buyer demand, mechanisms to identify and reward quality, and supply chain coordination. Public efforts can be targeted to supporting these market developments for the risks that are the greatest burden to public health.
|
Received: 17 November 2014
Accepted: 12 November 2015
|
Corresponding Authors:
L Unnevehr, E-mail: lunnevehr@gmail.com
E-mail: lunnevehr@gmail.com
|
About author: V Hoffmann, E-mail: vhoffmann@cgiar.org; |
Cite this article:
L Unnevehr, V Hoffmann.
2015.
Food safety management and regulation: International experiences and lessons for China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14(11): 2218-2230.
|
Antle J, Pingali P. 1994. Pesticides, productivity, and farmerhealth: A philippine case study. American Journal ofAgricultural Economics, 76, 418-430Arnade C, Calvin L, Kuchler F. 2009. Consumer response to afood safety shock: The 2006 food-borne illness outbreak ofE. coli O157: H7 linked to spinach. Review of AgriculturalEconomics, 31, 734-750Asfaw S, Mithöfer D, Waibel H. 2009. EU food safety standards,pesticide use and farm-level productivity: The case of highvaluecrops in Kenya. Journal of Agricultural Economics,60, 645-667Ashraf N, James B, Jesse S. 2010. Can higher prices stimulateproduct use? Evidence from a field experiment in Zambia.American Economic Review, 100, 2383-2413Barrett C B, Bachke M E, Bellemare M F, Michelson H C,Narayanan S, Walker T F. 2012. Smallholder participation incontract farming: Comparative evidence from five countries.World Development, 40, 715-730Brown J D. 1969. Effect of a health hazard “scare” on consumerdemand. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 51,676-678Burton M, Young T, Cromb R. 1999. Meat consumers’ long-termresponse to perceived risks associated with BSE in GreatBritain. Economics and Sociology Rural Studies, 50, 7-19Cahill S, Jouve J R. 2004. Microbiological risk assessmentin developing countries. Journal of Food Protection, 67,2016-2023Cohen J, Dupas P. 2010. Free distribution or cost sharing?Evidence from a randomized malaria prevention experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 125, 1-45Crutchfield S R, Buzby J C, Roberts T, Ollinger M, Lin C J. 1997.An Economic Assessment of Food Safety Regulations: TheNew Approach to Meat and Poultry Inspection. AgriculturalEconomic Report No. 755. USDA/ERS, Washington, D.C.Dupas P. 2011. Health behavior in developing countries. AnnualReview of Economics, 3, 425-449FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), WHO (World HealthOrganization). 2006. Food safety risk analysis: a guide fornational food safety authorities. Food and Nutrition Paper87. [2014-10-20]. http://www.fao.org/docrep/012/a0822e/a0822e00.pdf FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration), FSIS (Food SafetyInspection Service, USA). 2003. Interpretative Summary:Quantitative Assessment of the Relative Risk to PublicHealth from Listeria monocytogenes among SelectedCategories of Ready to Eat Meats. [2014-10-20]. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodScienceResearch/UCM197329.pdfFulponi L. 2006. Private voluntary standards in the food system:The perspective of major food retailers in OECD countries.Food Policy, 31, 1-13Gathura G. 2011. Study finds 65 p.c. of flour unfit for eating. [2013-02-15]. http://www.nation.co. ke/News/Study+finds+65+pc+of+flour+unfit+for+eating+/-/1056/1127586/-/amo111z/-/GFSI (Global Food Safety Initiative). 2014. Global marketsprogramme overview. [2014-09-14]. http://www.mygfsi.com/market-access/global-markets-programme/overview.htmlGlobalGAP. 2014. Localg.a.p.-The stepping stone to safe andsustainable agricultre. [2014-09-14]. http://www.globalgap.org/uk_en/what-we-do/globalg.a.p.-certification/localg.a.p./localg.a.p.-Programs-Available-for-Producers/Grossman M. 1972. On the concept of health capital and thedemand for health. The Journal of Political Economy, 80,223-255Handschuch C, Wollni M, Villalobos P. 2013. Adoption of foodsafety and quality standards among Chilean raspberryproducers - Do smallholders benefit? Food Policy, 40,64-73Helfand G E. 1991. Standard versus standards: The effect ofdifferent pollution restrictions. American Economic Review,81, 622-634Hennessey D, Roosen J, Miranowski J A. 2001. Leadership andthe provision of safe food. American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics, 83, 862-874Henson S. 2008. The role of public and private standardsin regulating international food markets. Journal ofInternational Agricultural Trade and Development, 4, 63-82Henson S, Hooker N. 2001. Private sector management of foodsafety: Public regulation and the role of private controls.International Food and Agribusiness Management Review,4, 7-17Henson S, Humphrey J. 2010. Understanding the complexitiesof private standards in global agri-food chains as they impactdeveloping countries. The Journal of Development Studies,46, 1628-646Henson S, Masakure O, Boselie D. 2005. Private food safetyand quality standards for fresh produce exporters: Thecase of Hortico Agrisystems, Zimbabwe. Food Policy, 30,371-384Henson S, Masakure O, Cranfield J. 2011. Do fresh produceexporters in sub-Saharan Africa benefit from GlobalGAPcertification? World Development, 39, 375-386Henson S, Mitullah W. 2004. Kenyan exports of nile perch:Impact of food safety standards on an export-orientedsupply chain. World Bank policy research working paper3349.Hobbs J E, Kerr W A, Phillips P W B. 2001. Identity preservationand international trade: signaling quality across nationalboundaries. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics,49, 567-579Hoffmann S. 2010. Food safety policy and economics: Areview of the literature. [2014-10-30]. http://www.rff.org/files/sharepoint/WorkImages/Download/RFF-DP-10-36.pdfHoffman S, Anekwe T D. 2013. Making Sense of Recent Costof-Foodborne-Illness Estimates. USDA/ERS EconomicInformation Bulletin 118.Hoffmann S, Harder W. 2010. Food safety and risk governancein globalized markets. Health Matrix, 20, 5-54.Hoffmann V, Mutiga S, Harvey J, Nelson R, Milgroom M. 2013.Aflatoxin contamination of maize in Kenya: Observabilityand mitigation behavior. Agricultural and Applied EconomicsAssociation 2013 Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.Hoffmann V K, Gatobu M. 2014. Growing their own:Unobservable quality and the value of self-provisioning.Journal of Development Economics, 106, 168-178Holmstrom B, Milgrom P. 1987. Aggregation and linearity inthe provision of intertemporal incentives. Econometrica,55, 303-328Huang J, Wu Y, Zhi H, Rozelle S. 2008. Small holder incomes,food safety and producing, and marketing China’s fruit.Review of Agricultural Economics, 30, 469-479Ifft J, Holst D B, Zilberman D. 2012. Consumer valuationof safety-labeled free-range Chicken: Results of a fieldexperiment in Hanoi. Agricultural Economics, 43, 607-620IITA (International Institute for Tropical Agriculture). 2013.AgResults Aflasafe Pull Mechanism Pilot Projectto Incentivize Adoption of aflasafeTM. Project brief.[2014-10-30]. http://www.aflasafe.com/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=bacf78c9-63a8-4a84-a226-719605f4a34d&groupId=524500Jensen K K. 2004. BSE in the UK: Why the risk communicationstrategy failed. Journal of Agricultural and EnvironmentalEthics, 17, 405-423Johnson F R. 1988. Economic costs of misinforming about risk:The EDB scare and the media. Risk Analysis, 8, 261-269Josling T, Roberts D, Orden D. 2004. Food Regulation andTrade: Toward a Safe and Open System. Institute forInternational Economics, Washington, D.C.Kersting S, Wollni M. 2012. New institutional arrangements and standard adoption: Evidence from small-scale fruit andvegetable farmers in Thailand. Food Policy, 37, 452-462Kremer M, Miguel E. 2007. The illusion of sustainability.Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112, 1007-1065Leimeilleur S. 2013. Smallholder compliance with privatestandard certification: The case of GlobalGAP adoptionby mango producers in Peru. International Food andAgribusiness Management Review, 16, 159-180Lofstedt R. 2013. Communicating food risks in an era of growingpublic distrust: Three case studies. Risk Analysis, 33,192-202Lucas A M. 2010. Malaria eradication and educationalattainment: Evidence from Paraguay and Sri Lanka.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2, 46-71Lusk J L, Murray S. 2014. New tool (FooDS) identifiesconsumers’ views on food safety. Choices, 29, 1-7Lusk J L, Schroeder T C. 2002. Effects of meat recalls onfutures market prices. Agricultural and Resource EconomicsReview, 31, 47-58Maertens M, Swinnen J F M. 2009. Trade, standards, andpoverty: Evidence from Senegal. World Development, 37,161-178Martinez M G, Fearne A, Caswell J A, Henson S. 2007. Coregulationas a possible model for food safety governance:Opportunities for public-private partnerships. Food Policy,32, 299-314Meaux S, Pantiora E, Schneider S. 2013. Aflatoxin managementin the world food programme through the P4P localprocurement” brief 9 in vision 2020 focus briefs 20, IFPRI.[2014-10-30]. http://www.ifpri.org/publication/aflatoxinsfinding-solutions-improved-food-safetyMichelson H. 2013. Small farmers, NGOs, and a Walmart world:Welfare effects of supermarkets operating in Nicaragua.American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 95, 628-649Minten B, Randrianarison L, Swinnen J F M. 2009. Global retailchains and poor farmers: Evidence from Madagascar. WorldDevelopment, 37, 1728-1741Nickerson R S. 1998. Confirmation bias: A ubiquitousphenomenon in many guises. Review of GeneralPsychology, 2, 175-220NRC (National Research Council). 1985. Meat and PoultryInspection: The Scientific Basis of the Nation’s Program.National Academies Press, Washington, D.C.Okello J J, Swinton S M. 2007. Compliance with Internationalfood safety standards in Kenya’s green bean industry:Comparison of a small- and a large-scale farm producingfor export. Review of Agricultural Economics, 29, 269-285Okello J J, Swinton S M. 2009. From circle of poison to circle ofvirtue: Pesticides, export standards and Kenya’s green beanfarmers. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61, 209-224Ozier O. 2014. Exploiting externalities to estimate the long-termeffects of early childhood deworming. World Bank policyresearch working paper 7052.Piggott N E, Marsh T L. 2004. Does food safety informationimpact US meat demand? American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics, 86, 154-174Ragasa C, Thornsbury S, Joshi S. 2011. Are food certificationcosts misestimated? Exporter-perspective on the europeanstandard. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62, 669-689Reardon T, Barrett C B, Berdegué J A, Swinnen J F M. 2009.Agrifood industry transformation and small farmers indeveloping countries. World Development, 37, 1717-1727Roy D, Thorat A. 2008. Success in high value horticultural exportmarkets for the small farmers: The case of mahagrapes inIndia. World Development, 36, 1874-1890Schroeder S A. 2007. We can do better - improving the healthof the American people. New England Journal of Medicine,357, 1221-1228Shavell S. 1979. Risk sharing and incentives in the principaland agent relationship. The Bell Journal of Economics,10, 55-73Slovic P. 1987. Perception of risk. Science, 236, 280-285Slovic P. 1993. Perceived risk, trust, and democracy. RiskAanalysis, 13, 675-682Smith M E, Van Ravenswaay E O, Thompson S R. 1988.Sales loss determination in food contamination incidents:An application to milk bans in Hawaii. American Journal ofAgricultural Economics, 70, 513-520Spears D. 2014. Decision costs and price sensitivity: Fieldexperimental evidence from India. Journal of EconomicBehavior & Organization, 97, 169-184Subervie J, Vagneron I. 2013. A drop of water in the IndianOcean? The impact of GlobalGap certification on lycheefarmers in Madagascar. World Development, 50, 57-73Thomsen M R, McKenzie A M. 2001. Market incentives forsafe foods: An examination of shareholder losses frommeat and poultry recalls. American Journal of AgriculturalEconomics, 83, 526-538Unnevehr L, Haddad L, Delgado C. 2003. Food safety policyissues for developing countries. In: 2020 Focus 10: FoodSafety in Food Security and Food Trade. International FoodPolicy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., USA.Unnevehr L, Jensen H. 2005. Industry costs to make food safe:Now and under a risk-based system. In: Hoffman S A, TaylorM R, eds., Toward Safer Food: Perspectives on Risk andPriority Setting. Resources for the Future, Washington,D.C., USA.Unnevehr L, Ronchi L. 2014. Food Safety Standards: Economicand Market Impacts in Developing Countries. ViewpointNote Number 341. The World Bank Group, July.Unnevehr L J, Jensen H H. 1999. The economic implications ofusing HACCP as a food safety regulatory standard. FoodPolicy, 24, 625-635Whittaker G, Lin B H, Vasavada U. 1995. Restricting pesticideuse: The impact on profitability by farm size. Journal ofAgricultural and Applied Economics, 27, 352-362WHO (World Health Organization). 2013. AdvancingFood Safety Initiatives: Strategic Plan for Food SafetyIncluding Foodborne Zoonoses 2013-2022 World HealthOrganization, Geneva. [2015-09-14]. http://www.searo.who. int/entity/foodsafety/global-strategies.pdfWHO (World Health Organization), FAO (Food and AgricultureOrganization). 2007. Codex Alimentarius. WorkingPrinciples for Risk Analysis for Food Safety Application byGovernments. CAC/GL 62-2007.WHO (World Health Organization), FDERG (FoodborneDiseases Epidemiology Reference Group). 2014. Estimationof the global burden of foodborne diseases. [2014-09-12].http://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/foodbornediseases/ferg/en/Williams P R, Hammitt J K. 2001. Perceived risks of conventionaland organic produce: Pesticides, pathogens, and naturaltoxins. Risk analysis, 21, 319–330. |
No Suggested Reading articles found! |
|
|
Viewed |
|
|
|
Full text
|
|
|
|
|
Abstract
|
|
|
|
|
Cited |
|
|
|
|
|
Shared |
|
|
|
|
|
Discussed |
|
|
|
|