SrUGT76G1对于合成优质甜菊糖苷至关重要，也是目前甜菊中研究最为深入的糖基转移酶基因，但是关于它的转录调控机制目前还不甚了解。本研究通过酵母单杂交手段鉴定得到了一个SrUGT76G1的上游调控因子SrMYB1。SrMYB1属于典型的R2R3类型的MYB类转录因子，其定位在细胞核并且具有转录激活活性。SrMYB1在花中的表达量较高而在叶片中较低。酵母单杂（Y1H）和凝胶阻滞（EMSA）实验证实SrMYB1可以结合在SrUGT76G1启动子的+50～-141区域即F4-3区段。进一步研究发现在烟草表皮细胞和甜菊愈伤组织中SrMYB1均可显著抑制SrUGT76G1的表达。综上所述，本研究不但发现了一个SrUGT76G1的潜在上游调控因子并且丰富了甜菊中糖苷代谢途径的调控网络。

糖含量决定着苹果甜度，然而苹果果实中蔗糖积累的分子机制仍然难以捉摸。本文报道了蔗糖转运蛋白MdSUT2.1在苹果果实蔗糖积累调控中的作用。MdSUT2.1基因编码一种由612个氨基酸残基构成的蛋白质。当在烟叶原生质体中表达时，该蛋白质定位于细胞质膜。MdSUT2.1在果实中高表达并与果实发育过程中的蔗糖积累呈正相关。此外，MdSUT2.1的蔗糖转运活性通过酵母突变体的生长互补实验得到验证。与WT相比，在苹果和番茄中过表达MdSUT2.1导致蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量显着增加。进一步分析表明，与WT相比，过表达MdSUT2.1的苹果和番茄中糖代谢和转运相关基因SUSYs、NINVs、FRKs、HXKs和TSTs的表达水平均提高。与液泡膜糖转运蛋白MdTST1和MdTST2不同，MdSUT2.1的启动子不能被外源糖诱导。这些发现为苹果果实糖分积累的分子机制提供了有价值的见解。

本文研究了TaPYL4在中国小麦种质中的单元型分布及其遗传效应。通过克隆小麦TaPYL4的A、B、D基因组序列并分析差异信息，表明TaPYL4-2A在启动子区含有3种单元型，TaPYL4-2B和TaPYL4-2D含有2种单元型。利用262份中国小麦微核心种质和239份山西省小麦品种(系)进行候选基因关联分析，结果表明：TaPYL4-2A与株高和抗旱系数（DTC）显著相关，PYL4-2A-Hap2是降低株高、增加DTC的优异单元型；TaPYL4-2B与穗粒数显著相关，PYL4-2B-Hap1是增加穗粒数的优异单元型，在育种过程中受到人工选择。

马铃薯卷叶病毒属病毒在世界范围内广泛分布，能够侵染多种经济作物引起严重病害。芸薹黄化病毒（Brassica yellows virus, BrYV）是在我国鉴定出的一种马铃薯卷叶病毒属的新病毒，主要侵染十字花科作物。该病毒主要包含三种基因型，分别为A、B和C，目前关于该种病毒在我国的发生分布情况尚不清楚，本研究主要对芸薹黄化病毒三种基因型在我国十字花科作物上的发生分布情况进行调查。2014-2018年，对采自我国29个省（自治区、直辖市）的570份十字花科作物的样品进行RT-PCR检测。结果表明：共有97份样品检测到BrYV侵染，病毒平均发生率为17.0%。共有22个省（自治区、直辖市）的样品中检测到BrYV的侵染，其中在我国的华北地区、西北地区和东北地区有相对较高的病毒发生率。进一步利用多重RT-PCR检测方法对BrYV的三种基因型进行检测，在97份BrYV侵染的样品中：61.9%的样品受单种基因型的侵染，29.9%的样品受两种基因型的复合侵染，8.2%的样品受三种基因型的复合侵染；A、B和C三种基因型的检出率分别为39.2%、40.2%和67.0%。以上研究表明，BrYV在我国的十字花科作物上发生分布比较普遍，北方地区要比南方地区各省病毒发生率高。BrYV发生存在单基因型侵染和多种基因型复合侵染的现象，C基因型具有相对较高的发生率，为优势基因型。并且本研究还发现BrYV与其它两种蚜传病毒芜菁花叶病毒(Turnip mosaic virus, TuMV)和黄瓜花叶病毒(Cucumber mosaic virus, CMV)在十字花科作物上普遍发生复合侵染的现象。本研究首次对BrYV在我国的十字花科作物上的发生分布情况展开大量调查，研究结果将有助于该病毒病害的有效防控。

鸡毒支原体（Mycoplasma gallisepticum，MG）是引起鸡慢性呼吸道病（Chronic respiratory disease，CRD）的病原体，通过自身黏附蛋白吸附于宿主呼吸道上皮细胞，造成炎症损伤。MG 感染率极高，且常与其他病原微生物混合或继发感染，给家禽业造成巨大的经济损失。目前主要使用抗生素防治 MG 的感染，但抗生素的长期使用和滥用，极易引起大量耐药菌株产生，且造成产品中药物残留，严重威胁人类健康。近年来，新兴的中草药(CHM)被用于治疗CRD。中草药具有清热解毒、抗菌、提高机体抵抗力、毒副作用小以及不产生耐药性的独特优势，在临床实践中有很好的疗效。本试验使用的复方中药制剂(CHMF)由黄芩、鱼腥草、甘草等 10 种中草药组成。试验组共分 10 组，分别为：空白对照组，生理盐水对照组，MG感染组，泰妙菌素治疗组，中药预防和治疗高（1 g d^-1）、中（0.75 g d^-1）、低（0.5 g d^-1）剂量组。通过体外抑菌试验和 MG 感染的防治试验确定其防治 CRD 的有效性，并在一定程度上探究其作用机制，为中药复方制剂防治 CRD 提供理论依据。在预防效果方面，CHMF能有效减轻MG引起的体重和饲料系数下降。组织病理学切片结果表明，预防和治疗CHMF均能明显缓解MG感染引起的严重呼吸道炎症。此外，与MG感染组相比，CHMF预防组和治疗组均能有效降低MG粘附蛋白(pMGA1.2)的表达，抑制MG的增殖和黏附，从而有效抑制MG诱导的炎症因子白介素1β (IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α (TNF-α)的表达。综上所述，上述结果证实了CHMF能够保护雏鸡免受MG感染引起的组织损伤，且在短期内对雏鸡生产性能无不良影响。并且我们还发现CHMF对MG的疗效与泰妙菌素相当或优于泰妙菌素。综合本研究结果，该复方中药通过直接抑制或杀灭 MG，阻断MG的黏附，能有效缓解由 MG感染引起的生产性能下降，抑制 MG 感染引起的炎症反应。推荐该中药制剂预防和治疗 MG 感染的剂量为 1g d^-1，连用 7d。

2009年在中国首次发现了柑橘褪绿矮缩病毒（CCDaV），该病毒在云南瑞丽造成柠檬大量发病、减产，损失严重。目前，CCDaV在中国其它柑橘种植省份的发生分布和流行趋势尚不清楚。为了系统掌握CCDaV在中国的发生分布及其分子特性，本研究于2017-2019年，从中国11个柑橘主要生产省份采集了1,772份柑橘样品，通过PCR检测发现，采自广西省、云南省和广东省的134份柑橘样品感染了CCDaV。其中感病品种分别为红宝石蜜柚（50.8%）、泰国青柚（24.0%）、尤力克柠檬（20.8%）、墨西哥莱檬（20.0%）、塔希提莱檬（18.2%）和三红蜜柚（3.2%）。在采集的甜橙、宽皮柑橘、杂柑、枳、葡萄柚和金柑等柑橘类型样品中均没有检测出CCDaV。与前期的研究结果相比，CCDaV在中国的发生区域正在逐步扩大，且感病品种的种类也在增加。此外，CCDaV在红宝石蜜柚、泰国青柚和三红蜜柚新梢上产生的症状较其在尤力克柠檬上更为严重，除产生典型的“V”型叶，叶片扭曲、畸形，黄化外，CCDaV在上述3种柚类品种上还能产生严重的脉明症状。本研究选取了17个CCDaV毒株与GenBank数据库中已知的15个CCDaV毒株进行全系列分析，结果显示CCDaV的序列保守性高，所有 32个CCDaV毒株的核苷酸相似性大约为99%-100%。系统发育树分析表明，CCDaV毒株间的亲缘关系与其采样地和寄主存在相关性。根据地理来源和寄主种类的差异，CCDaV毒株被划分成了4个不同的类群，其中中国和土耳其的CCDaV毒株属于不同的类群。此外，还首次证明中国的CCDaV毒株可能存在多个起源中心，且部分毒株可能来自泰国。本研究结果为明确CCDaV在中国的发生分布、流行规律，以及遗传演化提供了重要的理论依据。

分蘖是冬小麦生长的重要过程，可以显著影响冬小麦的穗数及产量。夏季休闲（7~9月）是黄土高原地区冬小麦生产实践中一项重要的耕作制度，有助于保证该区域粮食安全。目前，探讨分蘖对施肥和休闲季降雨量的响应研究相对较少。本研究利用长期田间肥料试验（1990~2017）中4个典型处理（不施肥，单施氮肥，单施磷肥和氮磷肥配施），结合降雨年型（干旱年和湿润年）分析了施肥措施和休闲季降雨对冬小麦分蘖数的影响。结果表明：与不施肥相比，单施磷肥显著增加冬小麦分蘖数（23%），并且湿润年增幅高于干旱年增幅（29% vs. 17%）；氮磷肥配施中分蘖数多年平均增幅为30%，干旱年为17%，湿润年高达45%；单施氮肥对分蘖数无显著影响。干旱年中分蘖数与休闲季降雨存在显著的正相关关系，但湿润年分蘖数对休闲季降雨的响应在施肥措施间存在差异。不施肥和氮磷肥配施处理中，干旱年和湿润年休闲季降雨量增加均会促进冬小麦分蘖，而在单施氮肥和单施磷肥处理中，休闲季降雨量增加会抑制冬小麦分蘖。该研究结果揭示了休闲季降雨和肥料施用对冬小麦分蘖的影响，有助于深入探究雨养农业区域内冬小麦产量的变化特征。

重组病毒活载体疫苗是一种能够有效激活特异性和非特异性免疫、可多联多价、安全性好的新型疫苗。动物α疱疹病毒拥有较大的基因组，含有多个不影响病毒复制的非必需区，能够插入接受外源基因并表达相应抗原蛋白；同时具有较广泛的宿主谱，能够在宿主体内复制并持续刺激动物产生对抗相应病原的免疫力，是作为重组病毒活载体疫苗的理想载体。随着基因编辑技术的发展，可通过多种方法构建能够表达外源基因的重组病毒。目前以动物α疱疹病毒为载体的重组病毒活载体疫苗研究已经涉及禽类、猪、牛、羊、伴侣动物等，目前成功构建的多株重组动物α疱疹病毒能免疫后可使动物同时获得对多种疾病的免疫。本文总结了重组动物α疱疹病毒构建方法、外源基因的引入和表达以及动物α疱疹病毒活载体疫苗免疫作用三个方面的内容，包括了最新的基因编辑技术、不同的构建策略及其优缺点、外源基因的选择、插入形式和位点等，并介绍了各种动物α疱疹病毒活载体疫苗的最新研究进展，旨在为新型动物α疱疹病毒活载体疫苗的研究和开发提供一定的参考。

This study investigated the influence of activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and lactate dehydrogenase-B (LDH-B) on the colour stability of mutton.  From 60 sheep (Bayannur mutton sheep), 15 longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles were selected on the basis of colour stability (R630/580 and a* value) during the storage and classified into three groups (5 for each group) as high colour stability (HCS), intermediate colour stability (ICS) and low colour stability (LCS).  The activities of GAPDH and LDH-B, muscle colour attributes, nicotinamide adenine dinucleuotide (NADH) concentration and lactate concentration were measured.  The samples in HCS had higher activities of GAPDH and LDH-B than the samples in the LCS, and the samples in the HCS group also possessed higher NADH and lower lactate concentration.  The higher activity of dehydrogenase enzyme may result in higher NADH concentrations and colour stability in muscle tissue.  The results suggest that the activity of GAPDH and LDH-B may also play a role in maintaining colour stability.

    The effect of long-term fertilization on soil denitrifying communities was analysed by measuring the abundance and diversity of the nitrous oxide (N₂O) reductase gene, nosZ.  Soil samples were collected from plots of a long-term fertilization experiment established in 1982 in Suining City, China.  The fertilizer treatments were no fertilizer (CK), three chemical fertilizer (CF) treatments (N, NP, NPK), manure (M) alone, and manure with chemical fertilizers (NM, NPM, NPKM).  The abundance and diversity of the denitrifying bacteria were assessed by real-time quantitative PCR, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), and cloning and sequencing of nosZ genes.  The diversity and abundance of nosZ-denitrifiers was higher in soil amended with manure and chemical fertilizers (CFM) than in soil amended with CF alone, and the highest in topsoil (0–20 cm).  The nosZ-denitrifier community composition was more complex in CFM soil than in CF soil.  Specific species were detected only in the CFM soil.  The abundance of nosZ-denitrifier in the NPKM treatment was approximately two times higher than that in the CK, N, and NPK treatments.  Most of the cloned nosZ sequences were closely related to nosZ sequences from Bradyrhizobiaceae and Rhodospirillaceae in Alphaproteobacteria.  Of the measured abiotic factors, soil organic matter correlated significantly with the abundance (P<0.01); available phosphorus correlated significantly with the topsoil community composition (P<0.01), whereas soil organic matter correlated significantly with the subsoil (20–90 cm) community composition (P<0.01). This study demonstrated that long-term CFM fertilization affected both the abundance and composition of the nosZ-denitrifier community. 

In biological research, chicken embryos are a classic experimental model for the exploration of the embryonic development and cell differentiation.  Transferring exogenous substances into chicken embryos for producing medical antibodies has been widely used in the production practice.  However, there are few studies about the effect of the different injection site and dosage on chicken embryos.  The aim of this study was to explore the effects of different injection sites and dosages on chicken embryo hatching rate and development, so as to provide a basis for further studies using the chicken embryo model.  Freshly laid eggs (Rugao yellow chicken) were injected with different doses of saline at the tip, equatorial plane and the blunt end of the egg shell, respectively.  Egg hatching rate was recorded and compared among injection sites and different doses.  A trypan blue stain was also injected at the aforementioned sites and the growth of chicken embryos was observed.  The SPSS (statistical package for the social science) software was used to analyze the relationship between the chicken eggs hatching rate and the different injection sites or the different dosages.  The experimental results showed that there were significant differences on egg hatching rates among the different injection sites and doses (P<0.05).  The hatchability of the blunt end injection group was significantly higher than that of the other two sites.  The egg hatching rate decreased with increased saline doses.  The egg hatching rate of the 100 µL saline injection group was higher than the 200 and 300 µL dosage groups.  Ultimately, we suggest that the optimal chicken embryo injection process is during early development, at the blunt end site with a dose less than 100 µL to minimize damage to the egg.

Plant cell walls constitute the skeletal structures of plant bodies, and thus confer lodging resistance for grain crops.  While the basic cell wall synthesis machinery is relatively well established now, our understanding of how the process is regulated remains limited and fragmented.  In this study, we report the identification and characterization of the novel rice (Oryza sativa L.) brittle culm16 (brittle node; bc16) mutant.  The brittle node phenotype of the bc16 mutant appears exclusively at nodes, and resembles the previously reported bc5 mutant.  Combined histochemical staining and electron microscopy assays revealed that in the bc16 mutant, the secondary cell wall formation and thickening of node sclerenchyma tissues are seriously affected after heading.  Furthermore, cell wall composition assays revealed that the bc16 mutation led to a significant reduction in cellulose and lignin contents.  Using a map-based cloning approach, the bc16 locus is mapped to an approximately 1.7-Mb region of chromosome 4.  Together, our findings strengthen evidence for discretely spatial differences in the secondary cell wall formation within plant bodies.

A total of 50 endophytic bacterial isolates were obtained from Kobreasia capillifolia at alpine grasslands in the Eastern Qilian Mountains on the Tibetan Plateau in China.  Based on the sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA genes, all isolates phylogenetically related closely to Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Brevundimonas, Arthrobacter, Curtobacterium, Paenibacillus, Plantibacter, Promicromonospora, Serratia, and Microbacterium, among which Bacillus was the predominant genus (47.8% of the total number of endophytic isolates).  These isolates possessed different biological functions.  In 50 endophytic bacteria, 42 isolates produced indole acetic acid (IAA) on King medium.  There were seven isolates showing potency of mineral phosphate solubilization in Pikovaskaia’s (PKO) liquid medium.  Seven isolates exhibited antagonistic effect against Fusarium avenaceum, Colletotrichum coccodes and Phoma foveata.  This was the first report on diversity and plant growth promotion of endophytic bacteria from K. capillifolia on alpine grassland in the Eastern Qilian Mountains, Chain.  It is essential for revealing the relationship among plant, microorganism, and the special environment because the potential function of endophytic bacteria made a contribution to the interactions of plants and endophytic bacteria.

    In this study, two ploidy mutant lines of Myrica rubra cv. Dongkui (DK) were identified and named as DB1 and DB2. The floral organ, leaf cell structure, ploidy, and number of chromosomes of the two mutants were investigated. Meanwhile, anthocyanin contents at different developmental stages were analyzed, and the Cy-3-glu contents of DB1 and DB2 at the full ripe stages are significantly higher than that of DK by 27.84 and 23.51%, respectively. Furthermore, 6 RNA libraries at two developmental stages (young fruit stage and full ripe stage) were built for RNA-Seq. By mapping to the reference database, 28 407, 28 043, and 28 683 genes were detected in the young fruit of DB1, DB2, and DK, respectively, while 28 040, 22 256, and 27 351 genes were detected in the full ripe stage, respectively. There were 281 differentially expressed genes between DB1 and DK, with 123 and 158 genes up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively, and 47 differentially expressed genes between DB2 and DK, of which 8 and 39 genes were up-regulated and down-regulated. Using real-time PCR, the expression levels of the eight functional genes at different developmental stages of the fruit were also analyzed. These comprehensive analyses showed that both mutants are different from DK, which is the result of natural doubling of ploidy, thereby generating a pleiotropic effect. As we known, it is the first report to study the relationship between bayberry ploidy alterations and genes involved in regulation of fruit mutations, which will help to identify the morphological and cytological characteristics of M. rubra germplasm, and provide a theoretical basis and technical support for genetic improvement and creation of breeding resources.

    As selenium and carotenoids are essential micronutrients, the determination of their concentrations in different varieties is important in the breeding of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L. P. Beauv.). To identify selenium- and carotenoid-enriched foxtail millet varieties and to analyze correlations between trace elements and agronomic traits, we measured the selenium and carotenoid concentrations of 200 Chinese accessions by high-performance liquid chromatography and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Our analysis revealed that lutein concentration in 200 foxtail millet accessions followed normal distribution and average was 3.1 μg g^–1. The mean value of zeaxanthin concentration in 200 accessions was 8.6 μg g^–1. Lutein and zeaxanthin concentrations were higher in the foxtail millet from Liaoning than in varieties from other locations, with averages of 10.0 and 3.5 μg g^–1, respectively. The average measured selenium concentration was 100.3 μg kg^–1. The highest average selenium concentration, 110.3 μg kg^–1, was found in varieties from Shanxi. Varieties from Inner Mongolia had the lowest average selenium concentration, 84.7 μg kg^–1, which was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of Shanxi. Selenium concentrations of 23 varieties were higher than 117.9 μg kg^–1, accounting for 11.5% of the total, thereby were considered to be enriched in selenium. In addition, we identified 29 lutein-enriched varieties (>4.27 μg g^–1) and 30 zeaxanthin-enriched ones (>12.63 μg g^–1), which corresponded to 14.5 and 15% of tested accessions, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that selenium concentration was significantly positively correlated with spikelet length (P<0.01), while zeaxanthin concentration was significantly correlated with grass weight (P<0.05) and spikelet length (P<0.01). No correlation was found between lutein concentration and agronomic characters, selenium content or zeaxanthin content. Our results should contribute substantially to the selection of suitable varieties for the development of plants with desired levels of these nutritionally important elements. These results will significantly contribute towards selection of the most suitable varieties for obtaining plants with desired levels of these nutritionally important elements.

  Controlling the height of crops plays a crucial role for their yields. The large scale utilization of semi-dwarf varieties has greatly improved crop yield, providing an effective support for world food security. In rice, a main food for over half of the world’s population, a number of dwarf loci have been identified. However, most of them are recessive, such as the ‘green revolution’ gene sd1. To gain more beneficial loci for rice breeding programs, exploring new mutations is needed, especially the dominant loci which can be used broadly for hybrid breeding. Here, we isolated a novel dominant dwarf rice mutant, slr1-d5. All of the internodes of slr1-d5 are reduced. We find that the responsiveness of slr1-d5 to gibberellin (GA), GA₃, was significantly reduced. Map-based cloning revealed that the dominant dwarfism of slr1-d5 was caused by an amino acid substitution in the N-terminal TVHYNP domain of rice DELLA protein, SLR1, where the conserved amino acid Pro (P) was substituted to His (H). Our findings not only further prove the pivotal role of TVHYNP motif in regulating SLR1 stability, but also provide a new dwarf source for improvement of rice germplasms.

Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape (DOR) performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River (RYR) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment (NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1) and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N>–P>–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.

In order to generate an antibody against a small hapten molecule, the hapten is cross-linked with carrier protein to make it immunogenic. In this study, the hapten (ochratoxin A, OTA) was coupled to ovalbumin (OVA) by an active ester reaction. To develop a technique for detecting the conjugation, the hapten-protein conjugate (OTA-OVA) was characterized thoroughly by immunoarray technology, ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), respectively. The molecular weight of OTA-OVA was 50 350.141 Da, and the molecular weight of OVA was 44 887.506 Da, which were determined by MALDI-TOF-MS, respectively. In OTA-OVA, the molecular coupling ratio was 13:1 by MALDI-TOF-MS while the molecular coupling ratio was 10:1 by UV. In this experiment, UV and MALDI-TOF-MS were selected as the efficient methods to evaluate the cross-linking effect and calculate the molecular coupling ratio.

Magnaporthe oryzae, a filamentous ascomycete fungus, is well known as the causal agent of rice blast. With thetechnology of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), it was previously found that MGG_06001 (or named MoNEM1),a gene of M. oryzae homologous to the NEM1 (nuclear envelope morphology protein 1) gene of baker’s yeast(Saccharomyces cerevisiae), is differentially expressed between the mature appressium and the conidium and mycelium.This study aimed to characterize the function of MoNEM1 gene by knocking it out using the method of target genereplacement. The ΔMonem1 mutants exhibited reduced mycelial growth and conidiation. However, disruption of MoNEM1gene does not affect the pathogenicity of M. oryzae on barley and rice.