氮磷钾添加对温性草甸草原植物群落特征及物种多样性的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.006

中国农业科学 ›› 2026, Vol. 59 ›› Issue (20): 4500-4516.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2026.20.006

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇下一篇

氮磷钾添加对温性草甸草原植物群落特征及物种多样性的影响

刘方林¹^,²(), 俞天琦¹, 侍梦圆¹, 辛晓平¹, 杨合龙², 贺森雅¹, 李颖¹, 高肖甜¹, 吕光萍³, 闫瑞瑞¹()

¹ 北方干旱半干旱耕地高效利用全国重点实验室/中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站，北京 100081
² 新疆农业大学草业学院，乌鲁木齐 830052
³ 呼伦贝尔市农畜产品质量安全中心，内蒙古呼伦贝尔 021008

收稿日期:2025-12-19 接受日期:2026-03-18 出版日期:2026-10-16 发布日期:2026-10-21
通信作者:
闫瑞瑞，E-mail：yanruirui@caas.cn
联系方式: 刘方林，E-mail：liuflag@163.com。
基金资助:
中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132024003); 中央引导地方科技发展资金项目(2025ZY0018); 内蒙古自治区科技计划项目(2025YFDZ0090); 农业科技创新联盟建设-农业基础性长期性科技工作(NAES037SQ18); 呼伦贝尔市科技计划项目(SF2025003); 呼伦贝尔市科技计划项目(KJTW2025005)

Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Addition on Plant Community Characteristic and Species Diversity in a Temperate Meadow Steppe

LIU FangLin¹^,²(), YU TianQi¹, SHI MengYuan¹, XIN XiaoPing¹, YANG HeLong², HE SenYa¹, LI Ying¹, GAO XiaoTian¹, LÜ GuangPing³, YAN RuiRui¹()

¹ State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-arid Arable Land in Northern China/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Hulunbuir Grassland Ecosystem, Inner Mongolia, Beijing 100081
² College of Pratacultural Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052
³ Hulunbuir Agricultural and Livestock Products Quality and Safety Center, Hulunbuir 021008, Inner Mongolia

Received:2025-12-19 Accepted:2026-03-18 Published:2026-10-16 Online:2026-10-21

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】探究氮（N）、磷（P）、钾（K）添加对温性草甸草原植物群落及多样性的影响。【方法】于内蒙古呼伦贝尔温性草甸草原典型退化割草地，采用“3414”正交试验设计，设置14个不同N、P、K配比的施肥处理，通过样方调查与统计分析相结合的方法，系统分析其对植物群落结构、生产力及物种多样性的影响。并进一步探讨不同养分因子及其交互作用在群落调控中的相对重要性。【结果】（1）N、P、K配施显著影响地上部生物量，N₂P₂K₁处理（N 183 kg·hm^-2，P₂O₅ 350 kg·hm^-2，K₂O 28 kg·hm^-2）总生物量及优势种羊草生物量最高，表明中等氮水平与磷、钾协同输入更有利于生产力提升。（2）施肥显著改变群落结构，氮添加大幅提升禾本科优势度（重要值最高达88.8%），抑制豆科、菊科及杂类草，导致群落趋向单一化。功能群组成由多类型共存向禾本科主导转变。（3）长期过量施肥在提升群落高度、盖度、密度及生物量的同时，显著降低了物种丰富度与多样性，高氮处理物种数最低，存在明显的“生产力-多样性”权衡。地上部生物量与多样性指数整体呈负相关关系。（4）多变量分析表明，氮肥是驱动生态系统变化的最主要因子，其增产效应以牺牲多样性为代价；磷肥效应显著，钾肥主效应不显著，但在特定配比下可能对群落结构稳定性产生调节作用。【结论】温性草甸草原对养分添加敏感，适量平衡施肥可提升生产力，但过量施氮会导致群落单一化与多样性丧失。草地管理应控制氮肥用量并注重N、P、K配施，以协调生产与生态保护。因此，在温性草甸草原的施肥管理与退化草地恢复实践中，应以控制氮肥投入强度为核心，并通过合理配置磷、钾投入，实现牧草生产与生态保护的协同优化。

关键词: 温性草甸草原, 氮、磷、钾添加, 地上生物量, 群落特征, 物种多样性

Abstract:

【Objective】 This study aimed to investigate the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) addition on the plant community and diversity in a temperate meadow steppe.【Method】 This study was conducted in the temperate meadow steppe of Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia, and an orthogonal "3414" experimental design was employed, establishing 14 fertilization treatments with different N, P, and K combinations. Their impacts on plant community structure, productivity, and species diversity were systematically analyzed. The relative importance of individual nutrient factors and their interactions in regulating community responses was further evaluated. 【Result】 (1) Combined application of N, P, K significantly affected aboveground biomass. The N₂P₂K₁ treatment (N 183 kg·hm^-2, P₂O₅ 350 kg·hm^-2, and K₂O 28 kg·hm^-2) yielded the highest total biomass and biomass of the dominant species Leymus chinensis. This indicated that a moderate N level, synergistically combined with P and K inputs, was more conducive to productivity enhancement. (2) Fertilization significantly altered community structure. Nitrogen addition markedly increased the dominance of poaceae (with the highest importance value reaching 88.8%), while suppressing Fabaceae, Asteraceae, and forbs, leading to community simplification. (3) Fertilization increased community height, cover, density, and biomass, meanwhile, it significantly reduced species richness and diversity. High nitrogen treatments had the lowest species number, indicating a clear productivity-diversity trade-off. (4) Multivariate analysis showed that nitrogen was the primary driver of ecosystem changes, with its yield-enhancing effect coming at the cost of diversity. Phosphorus effects were significant, whereas the main effect of potassium was not significant. However, under specific N-P-K ratios, potassium might play a regulatory role in maintaining community structural stability.【Conclusion】 The temperate meadow steppe was sensitive to nutrient addition. Appropriate balanced fertilization could enhance productivity, but excessive nitrogen application led to community simplification and diversity loss. Grassland management should control nitrogen application rates and emphasize balanced NPK fertilization to reconcile production and ecological conservation. Therefore, fertilization management and degraded grassland restoration in temperate meadow steppes should prioritize controlling nitrogen input intensity and optimize phosphorus and potassium allocation to achieve synergistic improvements in forage production and ecological conservation.

Key words: temperate meadow steppe, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium addition, aboveground biomass, community characteristics, species diversity

刘方林, 俞天琦, 侍梦圆, 辛晓平, 杨合龙, 贺森雅, 李颖, 高肖甜, 吕光萍, 闫瑞瑞. 氮磷钾添加对温性草甸草原植物群落特征及物种多样性的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2026, 59(20): 4500-4516.

LIU FangLin, YU TianQi, SHI MengYuan, XIN XiaoPing, YANG HeLong, HE SenYa, LI Ying, GAO XiaoTian, LÜ GuangPing, YAN RuiRui. Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Addition on Plant Community Characteristic and Species Diversity in a Temperate Meadow Steppe[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2026, 59(20): 4500-4516.

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指标 Indicator	土层 Soil layer
指标 Indicator	0-10 cm	10-20 cm
碱解氮 AN (mg·kg^-1)	298.69	250.90
有效磷 AP (mg·kg^-1)	5.86	2.89
速效钾 AK (mg·kg^-1)	258.55	171.39
全磷 TP (g·kg^-1)	0.63	0.56
全钾 TK (g·kg^-1)	24.23	21.76
全氮 TN (g·kg^-1)	3.30	2.71
全碳 TC (g·kg^-1)	63.33	52.38
C/N	19.18	19.30
pH	6.60	6.70

处理组 Treatment group	施肥处理 Treatment group	禾本科 Poaceae	豆科 Fabaceae	菊科 Asteraceae	杂类草 Other forbs	莎草科 Cyperaceae	总计 Total
对照 CK	N₀P₀K₀	28.60	9.80	11.50	43.40	6.70	100
氮水平 N level	N₀P₂K₂	31.90	23.60	19.00	21.30	4.20	100
	N₁P₂K₂	33.30	11.10	15.90	32.10	7.60	100
	N₂P₂K₂	63.60	9.10	6.10	12.10	9.10	100
	N₃P₂K₂	68.40	7.00	8.80	10.50	5.30	100
磷水平 P level	N₂P₀K₂	19.50	9.80	3.30	60.90	6.50	100
	N₂P₁K₂	41.90	3.20	19.40	30.70	4.80	100
	N₂P₂K₂	63.60	9.10	6.10	12.10	9.10	100
	N₂P₃K₂	46.10	10.30	7.70	28.20	7.70	100
钾水平 K level	N₂P₂K₀	36.80	15.80	36.80	5.30	5.30	100
	N₂P₂K₁	88.80	5.60	0.00	5.60	0.00	100
	N₂P₂K₂	63.60	9.10	6.10	12.10	9.10	100
	N₂P₂K₃	34.30	5.70	11.40	40.00	8.60	100
综合水平 Overall level	N₂P₁K₁	42.90	7.10	23.80	21.40	4.80	100
	N₁P₂K₁	20.30	4.10	48.40	22.30	4.90	100
	N₁P₁K₂	41.00	8.20	27.30	18.00	5.50	100

主成分Principal component	1	2
特征值Eigenvalue	5.925	1.782
方差贡献率Variance contribution Rate (%)	59.254	17.825
累计方差贡献率Cumulative variance contribution rate (%)	59.254	77.079
指标 Index	特征向量Eigenvector
指标 Index	PC1	PC2
总盖度Total cover	0.030	0.842
群落平均高度Mean community height	-0.618	0.370
物种数Species richness	0.878	0.016
地上生物量干重Aboveground biomass dry weight	-0.410	0.663
禾本科生物量比例Poaceae biomass proportion	-0.791	-0.483
杂类草生物量比例Forb biomass proportion	0.791	0.483
Shannon-Wiener多样性指数Shannon-Wiener diversity index	0.967	-0.088
Simpson多样性指数Simpson dominance index	0.954	-0.099
Pielou均匀度指数Pielou evenness index	0.820	-0.112
Margarlef丰富度指数Margalef richness index	0.914	-0.035

效应项 Effect term	Wilks' λ	P值 P value	总地上生物量干重 Aboveground biomass dry weight	Shannon-Wiener多样性指数 Shannon-Wiener diversity index	禾本科生物量比例 Poaceae biomass proportion
N	0.170	0.027*	2.352 (0.094)†	5.818 (0.003)**	5.498 (0.004)**
P	0.245	0.048*	0.628 (0.603)	4.192 (0.014)*	0.454 (0.717)
K	0.339	0.509	0.722 (0.548)	3.318 (0.034)*	1.945 (0.145)
N×P	0.676	0.428	0.562 (0.460)	0.211 (0.649)	1.098 (0.304)
N×K	0.611	0.246	0.425 (0.520)	2.068 (0.161)	1.335 (0.258)
P×K	0.489	0.056†	5.926 (0.022)*	1.086 (0.306)	0.603 (0.444)
N×P×K	1.000	1.000

氮磷钾添加对温性草甸草原植物群落特征及物种多样性的影响

Effects of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Addition on Plant Community Characteristic and Species Diversity in a Temperate Meadow Steppe

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序号 No.	代码 Code	氮、磷、钾添加 Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (N, P, K) addition	肥料用量 Fertilizer application rate (kg·hm^-2)
序号 No.	代码 Code		N	P	K
1	T1	N₀P₀K₀	0	0	0
2	T2	N₀P₂K₂	0	350	57
3	T3	N₁P₂K₂	91	350	57
4	T4	N₂P₀K₂	183	0	57
5	T5	N₂P₁K₂	183	175	57
6	T6	N₂P₂K₂	183	350	57
7	T7	N₂P₃K₂	183	525	57
8	T8	N₂P₂K₀	183	350	0
9	T9	N₂P₂K₁	183	350	28
10	T10	N₂P₂K₃	183	350	85
11	T11	N₃P₂K₂	274	350	57
12	T12	N₁P₁K₂	91	175	57
13	T13	N₁P₂K₁	91	350	28
14	T14	N₂P₁K₁	183	175	28

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