蜜柚果实不同空间部位植酸及矿质营养有效性的分布特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2021.06.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】明确植酸（PA）、矿质元素含量及其有效性在蜜柚果实中的空间分布特征,为蜜柚矿质营养的生物强化以及果实综合营养评价提供理论参考。【方法】以平和蜜柚产区5个代表性蜜柚品种（白肉蜜柚、黄金蜜柚、红肉蜜柚、三红蜜柚、红棉蜜柚）为供试材料,将成熟期蜜柚果实从外到内细分为黄皮层、白皮层、囊衣和果肉,分别利用铁沉淀法、ICP-MS（Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry）、PA与矿质元素的摩尔比,分析蜜柚果实不同空间区位的PA、矿质营养的含量及其有效性;并在此基础上利用三元模型模拟锌在人体肠道内的有效吸收。【结果】蜜柚果实中,磷组分（磷、无机磷）以果肉中含量最高,但PA含量最低。PA含量从外到内总体表现为持续降低的趋势（黄皮层>白皮层>囊衣>果肉）。果肉中植酸磷（PAP）含量仅占总磷的4%,而果皮为30%。此外,果肉中PA表现出显著的基因型差异。不同蜜柚品种果肉中PA含量以红肉蜜柚最高,三红蜜柚和白肉蜜柚最低,最大相差2.6倍。而果肉中磷和无机磷在不同蜜柚品种之间差异不显著。从矿质元素的分布角度看,果皮（黄皮层、白皮层和囊衣）中钙（Ca）的含量较高,果肉中磷的含量较高,而铁（Fe）在果皮不同部位均显著高于果肉,且以在黄皮层和果肉中变异最大。受蜜柚果实不同部位PA和矿质元素含量的共同影响,黄皮层中的[PA]/[Mg]和[PA]/[Fe]最高,白皮层中[PA]/[Zn]和[PA]/[Mn]最高,而果肉中[PA]/[Ca]最高。此外,果肉中矿质元素的有效性也表现出显著的基因型差异。黄金蜜柚的[PA]/[Fe]是红棉蜜柚的将近6倍。红棉蜜柚的[PA]/[Zn]是白肉蜜柚和三红蜜柚的3.6倍。5个供试蜜柚品种中,三红蜜柚和白肉蜜柚属低PA、高矿质元素有效性品种。【结论】蜜柚果实的PA、矿质元素及其有效性在不同蜜柚品种之间,以及果实不同空间部位均存在显著差异。果肉中磷主要以无机磷的形态存在,而非PA。推测果肉的低PA背景对矿质元素的抑制效应相对有限。而果皮中（黄皮层、白皮层）PA含量相对较高,在果皮深加工过程中需注意其矿质元素的有效发挥。

关键词: 蜜柚, 植酸, 果实营养, 矿质元素有效性, 品质

Abstract:

【Objective】This study was aimed to elucidate the spatial distribution of phytic acid (PA), mineral concentration and their availabilities in pomelo fruits, and these findings could provide theoretical bases for biofortification of mineral nutrition and comprehensive nutritional evaluation of pomelo fruit. 【Method】Five representative pomelo cultivars (white-fleshed pomelo, golden-pomelo, red-fleshed pomelo, three-red pomelo, and red-albedo pomelo) grown in Pinghe County, Fujian Province, were used in the present study. At the ripening stage, the representative fruits from each cultivar were selected and divided the whole fruit into four spatial parts, i.e. flavedo, albedo, segment membrane and juice sac. The PA, mineral concentration and their availabilities were analyzed by iron precipitation spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and molar ratio of phytic acid to minerals in different spatial locations of pomelo fruit. In addition, Zn bioavailability was also evaluated by the ternary model, a mathematical model of zinc absorption in human intestine. 【Result】The concentration of phosphorus (total phosphorus) and inorganic phosphorus was highest in juice sac, but the concentration of PA was the lowest in juice sac. The PA concentration decreased persistently from the outer (flavedo) to the inner (pulp), i.e. flavedo > albedo > segment membrane > juice sac. The concentration of phytate-phosphorus in juice sac was only 4% of total phosphorus, while that in peel was 30%. In addition, the significant cultivar differences of PA were recorded in juice sac. The concentration of PA in juice sac of different pomelo cultivars was the highest in red-fleshed pomelo, while which was the lowest in three-red pomelo and white-fleshed pomelo, with 2.6-fold difference. However, non-significant difference was found in phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus among different pomelo cultivars. From the perspective of mineral distribution in pomelo, the higher concentration of calcium (Ca) was recorded in peel (flavedo, albedo, and segment membrane), while the higher concentration of phosphorus was found in juice sac. Iron (Fe) in peel was significantly higher than that in juice sac, and the variation was the largest in flavedo and juice sac. Influenced by both PA and minerals in different spatial location of pomelo fruit, [PA]/[Mg] and [PA]/[Fe] was the highest in flavedo, [PA]/[Zn] and [PA]/[Mn] was the highest in albedo, whereas [PA]/[Ca] was the highest in the juice sac. There were also significant cultivar differences in the mineral availability in juice sac. The [PA]/[Fe] of golden-pomelo was nearly six times higher than that of red-albedo pomelo. The [PA]/[Zn] of red-albedo pomelo was 3.6 times higher than that of white-fleshed pomelo and three-red pomelo. Generally, among the five pomelo cultivars, three-red pomelo and white-fleshed pomelo had the relatively low PA while high mineral availabilities. 【Conclusion】Significant cultivar and spatial positional differences existed in PA, minerals and their availabilities in pomelo fruits. Phosphorus in the pomelo juice sac mainly existed in the form of inorganic phosphorus, rather than PA. The results suggested that the inhibitory effect of PA on mineral availability was relatively small and limited in the juice sac. However, the concentration of PA in peel (flavedo, albedo) was relatively higher. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the minerals availabilities during pomelo peel related deep food processing.

Key words: pomelo, phytic acid, fruit nutrition, mineral availability, quality

宋彪,徐凯悦,王晓华,郭九信,吴良泉,苏达. 蜜柚果实不同空间部位植酸及矿质营养有效性的分布特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2021, 54(6): 1229-1242.

Biao SONG,KaiYue XU,XiaoHua WANG,JiuXin GUO,LiangQuan WU,Da SU. Spatial Distribution of Phytic Acid and Minerals’ Availability in Pomelo Fruit[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2021, 54(6): 1229-1242.

图/表 9

图1

表1

表2

5种蜜柚果实中磷组分的空间分布（DW）"

果实部位 Fruit location	品种 Cultivar	磷 P (g·kg^-1)	植酸 PA (g·kg^-1)	无机磷 Pi (g·kg^-1)	植酸磷/磷 PAP/P (%)	无机磷/磷 Pi/P（%)
黄皮层 Flavedo	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	1.37±0.08c	1.25±0.05c	0.88±0.06bc	25.9±2.5c	64.7±6.8ab
	黄金蜜柚 Golden-pomelo	1.07±0.02d	1.39±0.06c	0.77±0.05c	36.6±0.9a	71.3±3.9a
	红肉蜜柚 Red-fleshed pomelo	1.72±0.02a	1.29±0.04c	1.13±0.05a	21.1±0.6d	65.7±2.4ab
	三红蜜柚 Three-red pomelo	1.60±0.03ab	1.75±0.12b	0.90±0.04bc	30.9±1.8b	56.1±2.8b
	红棉蜜柚 Red-albedo pomelo	1.54±0.10b	2.16±0.09a	0.97±0.05b	39.4±2.0a	63.2±4.2ab
	平均数 Mean	1.46	1.57	0.93	30.8	64.2
	变异系数 CV	0.16	0.23	0.14	0.23	0.10
白皮层 Albedo	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	0.57±0.01ab	0.76±0.01a	0.28±0.02a	37.7±0.5a	50.1±3.7a
	黄金蜜柚 Golden-pomelo	0.51±0.04b	0.59±0.02b	0.27±0.03a	32.6±2.2ab	52.9±4.0a
	红肉蜜柚 Red-fleshed pomelo	0.61±0.00a	0.57±0.03b	0.31±0.03a	26.2±1.5c	50.4±5.2a
	三红蜜柚 Three-red pomelo	0.59±0.01a	0.61±0.07b	0.28±0.00a	29.1±3.2bc	46.8±1.3a
	红棉蜜柚 Red-albedo pomelo	0.63±0.04a	0.58±0.06b	0.31±0.01a	26.1±3.0c	49.7±4.1a
	平均数 Mean	0.58	0.62	0.29	30.3	50.0
	变异系数 CV	0.08	0.13	0.09	0.16	0.08
囊衣 Segment membrane	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	0.76±0.02c	0.49±0.02ab	0.38±0.04bc	18.0±0.45a	50.0±6.3ab
	黄金蜜柚 Golden-pomelo	0.75±0.01c	0.38±0.04bc	0.31±0.01c	14.2±1.5ab	41.1±2.2b
	红肉蜜柚 Red-fleshed pomelo	0.89±0.01a	0.33±0.03c	0.49±0.02a	10.4±1.0b	55.6±2.2a
	三红蜜柚 Three-red pomelo	0.82±0.01b	0.47±0.05ab	0.45±0.03ab	16.1±1.9a	54.6±3.8a
	红棉蜜柚 Red-albedo pomelo	0.77±0.04bc	0.50±0.04a	0.41±0.04ab	18.3±2.0a	53.5±2.2a
	平均数 Mean	0.80	0.43	0.41	15.4	51.0
	变异系数 CV	0.07	0.18	0.17	0.21	0.12
果肉 Juice sac	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	1.59±0.07a	0.14±0.02d	1.22±0.01a	2.55±0.31c	76.8±4.1a
	黄金蜜柚 Golden-pomelo	1.60±0.01a	0.29±0.03b	1.22±0.06a	5.21±0.50a	76.5±4.1a
	红肉蜜柚 Red-fleshed pomelo	1.70±0.06a	0.37±0.01a	1.14±0.07a	6.09±0.41a	67.4±6.7a
	三红蜜柚 Three-red pomelo	1.59±0.05a	0.17±0.01d	1.19±0.03a	2.98±0.19c	75.0±3.9a
	红棉蜜柚 Red-albedo pomelo	1.58±0.04a	0.23±0.01c	1.15±0.02a	4.12±0.15b	73.2±3.0a
	平均数 Mean	1.61	0.24	1.19	4.18	73.8
	变异系数 CV	0.04	0.36	0.04	0.33	0.07

表2

表3

5种蜜柚果实中矿质元素的空间分布（DW）"

果实部位 Fruit location	品种 Cultivar	磷 P (g·kg^-1)	钙 Ca (g·kg^-1)	镁 Mg (g·kg^-1)	铁 Fe (mg·kg^-1)	锌 Zn (mg·kg^-1)	锰 Mn (mg·kg^-1)
黄皮层 Flavedo	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	1.37±0.08c	8.08±0.41bc	1.98±0.12b	30.0±1.0c	12.5±1.1bc	12.5±0.8c
	黄金蜜柚Golden-pomelo	1.07±0.02d	7.62±0.72c	1.95±0.01b	111.6±3.0a	10.9±0.1c	12.8±0.2c
	红肉蜜柚Red-fleshed pomelo	1.72±0.02a	7.70±0.31c	2.19±0.07ab	38.2±1.4b	13.3±0.4ab	15.6±0.4ab
	三红蜜柚Three-red pomelo	1.60±0.03ab	9.28±0.35ab	2.17±0.07ab	34.5±0.6b	14.7±0.5a	15.7±0.6a
	红棉蜜柚Red-albedo pomelo	1.54±0.10b	10.4±0.6a	2.43±0.16a	25.6±0.3d	13.8±0.6ab	14.3±0.4b
	平均数Mean	1.46	8.61	2.14	48.0	13.0	14.2
	变异系数CV	0.16	0.14	0.09	0.69	0.11	0.10
白皮层 Albedo	白肉蜜柚White-fleshed pomelo	0.57±0.01ab	2.56±0.03bc	0.86±0.01bc	77.5±0.3a	2.01±0.21c	3.62±0.22b
	黄金蜜柚Golden-pomelo	0.51±0.04b	3.03±0.17a	0.94±0.07a	70.6±2.9b	2.84±0.24b	0.96±0.12c
	红肉蜜柚Red-fleshed pomelo	0.61±0.00a	2.31±0.16c	0.79±0.04c	78.1±3.4a	2.98±0.18b	4.25±0.21a
	三红蜜柚Three-red pomelo	0.59±0.01a	2.61±0.08bc	0.84±0.01bc	23.9±0.4c	7.80±0.10a	3.89±0.23ab
	红棉蜜柚Red-albedo pomelo	0.63±0.04a	2.82±0.01ab	0.93±0.00ab	81.1±0.6a	2.84±0.24b	4.01±0.04ab
	平均数Mean	0.58	2.66	0.87	66.3	3.69	3.34
	变异系数CV	0.08	0.10	0.08	0.34	0.58	0.38
囊衣 Segment membrane	白肉蜜柚White-fleshed pomelo	0.76±0.02c	3.76±0.09a	1.12±0.02c	83.5±3.1a	2.34±0.27d	4.40±0.25ab
	黄金蜜柚Golden-pomelo	0.75±0.01c	3.69±0.10a	1.18±0.00ab	85.5±2.7a	6.60±0.18b	4.09±0.39ab
	红肉蜜柚Red-fleshed pomelo	0.89±0.01a	3.45±0.01b	1.22±0.02a	70.9±5.4b	9.39±0.24a	4.49±0.51ab
	三红蜜柚Three-red pomelo	0.82±0.01b	3.69±0.04a	1.16±0.02bc	84.2±2.0a	4.59±0.21c	4.99±0.52a
	红棉蜜柚Red-albedo pomelo	0.77±0.04bc	3.75±0.02a	1.18±0.01b	88.9±0.6a	6.51±0.04b	3.86±0.22b
	平均数Mean	0.80	3.67	1.17	82.6	5.89	4.37
	变异系数CV	0.07	0.03	0.03	0.08	0.41	0.12
果肉 Juice sac	白肉蜜柚White-fleshed pomelo	1.59±0.07a	0.88±0.14ab	0.67±0.04ab	19.8±2.2bc	8.66±0.13b	1.97±0.36a
	黄金蜜柚Golden-pomelo	1.60±0.01a	1.02±0.00a	0.71±0.00a	15.9±0.8c	9.51±0.26ab	1.91±0.08a
	红肉蜜柚Red-fleshed pomelo	1.70±0.06a	0.82±0.01b	0.70±0.02a	29.3±1.3b	9.85±0.15a	2.11±0.23a
	三红蜜柚Three-red pomelo	1.59±0.05a	0.76±0.01b	0.64±0.02b	20.4±2.3bc	9.75±0.62a	2.13±0.47a
	红棉蜜柚Red-albedo pomelo	1.58±0.04a	0.82±0.03b	0.70±0.01ab	76.7±9.4a	3.90±0.12c	2.58±0.06a
	平均数Mean	1.61	0.86	0.68	32.4	8.33	2.14
	变异系数CV	0.04	0.13	0.05	0.73	0.28	0.16

表3

表4

5种蜜柚果实中PA与矿质元素摩尔比空间分布（DW）"

部位 Fruitlocation	品种 Genotype	[PA]/[Ca]	[PA]/[Mg]	[PA]/[Fe]	[PA]/[Zn]	[PA]/[Mn]
黄皮层 Flavedo	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	0.0094±0.0009c	0.0234±0.0023cd	3.54±0.25c	10.0±0.7cd	8.37±0.88b
	黄金蜜柚 Golden-pomelo	0.0111±0.0008abc	0.0263±0.0010bc	1.06±0.03e	12.6±0.5b	9.09±0.27b
	红肉蜜柚 Red-fleshed pomelo	0.0102±0.0001bc	0.0217±0.0003d	2.85±0.05d	9.6±0.6d	6.88±0.07c
	三红蜜柚 Three-red pomelo	0.0115±0.0008ab	0.0297±0.0019ab	4.30±0.35b	11.9±0.8bc	9.27±0.46b
	红棉蜜柚 Red-albedo pomelo	0.0126±0.0008a	0.0328±0.0022a	7.12±0.38a	15.5±1.1a	12.60±0.5a
	平均数 Mean	0.0110	0.0268	3.77	11.9	9.24
	变异系数 CV	0.1167	0.1660	0.55	0.19	0.22
白皮层 Albedo	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	0.0179±0.0004a	0.0323±0.0002a	0.83±0.01b	37.4±3.3a	17.5±1.3b
	黄金蜜柚 Golden-pomelo	0.0118±0.0004c	0.0231±0.0016b	0.71±0.04b	20.7±2.4b	51.6±7.6a
	红肉蜜柚 Red-fleshed pomelo	0.0150±0.0011b	0.0266±0.0019b	0.62±0.03b	19.0±0.5b	11.2±0.9b
	三红蜜柚 Three-red pomelo	0.0143±0.0015bc	0.0269±0.0028b	2.17±0.26a	7.8±0.8c	13.2±1.8b
	红棉蜜柚 Red-albedo pomelo	0.0126±0.0012bc	0.0231±0.0023b	0.61±0.06b	20.4±2.1b	12.1±1.1b
	平均数 Mean	0.0143	0.0264	0.98	21.1	21.1
	变异系数 CV	0.1655	0.1464	0.63	0.47	0.77
囊衣 Segment membrane	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	0.0079±0.0002ab	0.0160±0.0005a	0.50±0.01a	20.9±3.4a	9.23±0.20ab
	黄金蜜柚 Golden-pomelo	0.0062±0.0007bc	0.0118±0.0012bc	0.37±0.03b	5.69±0.70bc	7.79±1.46bc
	红肉蜜柚 Red-fleshed pomelo	0.0057±0.0006c	0.0099±0.0009c	0.39±0.04ab	3.45±0.35c	6.10±0.78c
	三红蜜柚 Three-red pomelo	0.0077±0.0010ab	0.0149±0.0019ab	0.47±0.06ab	10.2±1.6b	7.83±0.37bc
	红棉蜜柚 Red-albedo pomelo	0.0081±0.0007a	0.0156±0.0014a	0.48±0.04ab	7.59±0.68bc	10.70±0.50a
	平均数 Mean	0.0071	0.0137	0.44	9.56	8.34
	变异系数 CV	0.1596	0.1977	0.14	0.68	0.21
果肉 Juice sac	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	0.0102±0.0023d	0.0079±0.0012d	0.62±0.12c	1.65±0.20c	6.28±1.69b
	黄金蜜柚 Golden-pomelo	0.0175±0.0017b	0.0154±0.0015b	1.57±0.15a	3.07±0.31b	12.8±0.7a
	红肉蜜柚 Red-fleshed pomelo	0.0273±0.0011a	0.0192±0.0011a	1.06±0.06b	3.69±0.13b	14.6±2.0a
	三红蜜柚 Three-red pomelo	0.0135±0.0011cd	0.0096±0.0007cd	0.71±0.14c	1.72±0.24c	6.80±1.63b
	红棉蜜柚 Red-albedo pomelo	0.0170±0.0003bc	0.0122±0.0004c	0.26±0.02d	5.86±0.35a	7.42±0.21b
	平均数 Mean	0.0171	0.0129	0.84	3.20	9.58
	变异系数 CV	0.3547	0.3312	0.56	0.51	0.39

表4

图2

表5

图3

图4

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品种 Cultivar	白肉蜜柚 White-fleshed pomelo	黄金蜜柚 Golden-pomelo	红肉蜜柚 Red-fleshed pomelo	三红蜜柚 Three-red pomelo	红棉蜜柚 Red-albedo pomelo	平均值 Mean	变异系数 CV
单果重 Mean fruit weight (g)	1717.6±97.7a	2028.7±502.9a	1624.3±164.1a	1456.7±243.6a	1577.6±244.7a	1681	0.19
果皮重 Peel weigh (g)	526.6±2.0a	469.4±146.8a	547.8±20.8a	403.0±61.2ab	176.9±129.1b	424.7	0.37
果实横纵比 Fruit aspect ratio	0.94±0.04a	0.91±0.11a	0.91±0.05a	0.88±0.01a	0.92±0.03a	0.91	0.06
果肉横纵比 Flesh aspect ratio	1.00±0.07a	1.01±0.09a	1.06±0.11a	1.01±0.04a	1.02±0.11a	1.02	0.08
果皮厚度 Peel thick (mm)	15.8±0.8b	13.3±0.8b	22.2±1.8a	16.5±1.8b	16.3±1.8b	16.8	0.19
果形指数 Fruit shape index	1.08±0.05a	1.07±0.11a	1.10±0.06a	1.13±0.02a	1.09±0.04a	1.09	0.05
果皮含水率 Peel moisture content (%)	0.80±0.01a	0.79±0.01a	0.80±0.01a	0.79±0.00a	0.78±0.00a	0.79	0.01
果肉含水率 Pulp moisture rate (%)	0.87±0.00a	0.87±0.01a	0.86±0.00a	0.86±0.00a	0.86±0.00a	0.86	0.01
可食率 Edible rate (%)	0.69±0.01b	0.77±0.02ab	0.66±0.03b	0.72±0.01b	0.88±0.10a	0.75	0.12
可溶性固形物含量 TSS (%)	12.6±1.1a	10.5±0.6b	11.8±0.7ab	11.8±0.5ab	11.7±0.4ab	11.7	0.08
可滴定酸 TA (%)	0.64±0.03a	0.37±0.00c	0.54±0.03ab	0.46±0.04bc	0.54±0.09ab	0.51	0.19
维生素C含量 Vc (mg·kg^-1)	198.2±0.0ab	215.1±11.7a	199.9±7.8ab	194.8±11.7ab	191.4±5.9b	199.9	0.06
固酸比 TSS/TA ratio	20.4±1.8c	27.4±1.3a	22.0±0.6bc	25.9±2.1ab	21.9±3.0bc	23.5	0.14

指标 Index	果肉 Pulp	果皮 Peel	全果实 Whole fruit
PA×P	0.547^*	0.825^**	0.225
PA×Ca	0.182	0.931^**	0.943^**
PA×Mg	0.620^*	0.889^**	0.917^**
PA×Fe	0.043	-.534^**	-0.113
PA×Zn	0.167	0.778^**	0.600^**
PA×Mn	-0.045	0.892^**	0.912^**
PA×[PA]/[Ca]	0.950^**	0.263	-0.101
PA×[PA]/[Mg]	0.997^**	0.671^**	0.752^**
PA×[PA]/[Fe]	0.575^*	0.903^**	0.870^**
PA×[PA]/[Zn]	0.452	0.016	0.290^*
PA×[PA]/[Mn]	0.934^**	-0.112	-0.005
Zn×Fe	-0.930^**	-0.596^**	-0.589^**
Zn×Mg	-0.145	0.901^**	0.678^**
Zn×Ca	0.121	0.883^**	0.618^**
Zn×[PA]/[Zn]	-0.795^**	-0.543^**	-0.499^**
Zn×[PA]/[Fe]	0.678^**	0.757^**	0.704^**
Zn×[PA]/[Mg]	0.192	0.212	0.131
Zn×[PA]/[Ca]	0.129	-0.186	-0.036
Fe×Mg	0.217	-0.460^**	-0.039
Fe×Ca	-0.245	-0.490^**	-0.010
Fe×[PA]/[Zn]	0.887^**	0.187	0.419^**
Fe×[PA]/[Fe]	-0.672^**	-0.787^**	-0.518^**
Fe×[PA]/[Mg]	0.022	-0.409^**	0.005
Fe×[PA]/[Ca]	0.127	-0.206	-0.334^**
Mg×Zn	-0.145	0.901^**	0.678^**
Mg×Fe	0.217	-0.460^**	-0.039
Mg×Ca	0.687^**	0.986^**	0.987^**
Mg×[PA]/[Zn]	0.502	-0.294^*	0.089
Mg×[PA]/[Fe]	0.343	0.791^**	0.767^**
[PA]/[Mg]×[PA]/[Fe]	0.581^*	0.587^**	0.596^**
[PA]/[Mg]×[PA]/[Ca]	0.959^**	0.880^**	0.274^*
[PA]/[Zn]×[PA]/[Fe]	-0.275	-0.091	0.048