中国农业科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 57 ›› Issue (23): 4794-4805.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2024.23.016

• 食品科学与工程 • 上一篇    下一篇

双孢蘑菇采后病害及控制技术研究进展

王文军1,2,3(), 江海燕1, 田昊1, 孟阔1, 苟雯青1   

  1. 1 西南大学食品科学学院,重庆 400715
    2 西南大学果蔬物流保鲜与营养品质调控研究中心,重庆 400715
    3 川渝共建特色食品重庆市重点实验室,重庆 400715
  • 收稿日期:2024-06-05 接受日期:2024-10-08 出版日期:2024-12-01 发布日期:2024-12-07
  • 通信作者:
    王文军,E-mail:
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金青年项目(32302159); 重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(CSTB2023NSCQ-MSX0946); 中央高校基本科研业务费项目(SWU-KQ22047)

Research Progress on Postharvest Disease and Its Control Techniques of Agaricus bisporus

WANG WenJun1,2,3(), JIANG HaiYan1, TIAN Hao1, MENG Kuo1, GOU WenQing1   

  1. 1 College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
    2 Research Center for Fruits and Vegetables Logistics Preservation and Nutritional Quality Control, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715
    3 Chongqing Key Laboratory of Speciality Food Co-Built by Sichuan and Chongqing, Chongqing 400715
  • Received:2024-06-05 Accepted:2024-10-08 Published:2024-12-01 Online:2024-12-07

摘要:

双孢蘑菇是世界上商业化栽培规模最大、分布范围最广、产量最多的食用菌之一,含有丰富的营养物质,具有高蛋白、低脂肪、鲜嫩可口等优良食用品质。在我国部分地区,双孢蘑菇产业作为脱贫产业,在促进农村经济发展中起到重要作用。双孢蘑菇以鲜食为主,外观品质与新鲜程度是决定其商品价值的主要因素。然而,双孢蘑菇采后生理活动旺盛,表面缺乏明显的保护结构,极易因为碰撞、温度、湿度等外界因素影响导致自身酶促反应,发生褐变现象;也易遭受假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、木霉属(Trichoderma)、轮枝菌属(Verticillium)等病原菌的侵染,出现褐变和病变腐烂现象,很大程度降低了其外观品质、食用价值和商品价值。由于双孢蘑菇的病原菌数量和种类繁多,目前关于双孢蘑菇采后病害的研究多集中于病害症状,对各种病原菌的致病机制研究甚少。对于双孢蘑菇等食用菌的病害防控以农业栽培阶段防治为主,但在采后同样不可避免发生各种病害,目前常以物理、化学等措施综合治理,比如低温低压、辐射、气调包装等物理手段,苯甲酸、抗坏血酸、1-Methylcyclopropene等化学手段。绿色安全的生物防治技术是近年来的研究热点,例如假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属的拮抗菌,但许多拮抗菌的研究尚处于实验室阶段,对于投入实际使用还有一段距离。近年来,随着双孢蘑菇种植规模和产业的扩大,生产中也面临着许多亟待解决的问题,由于病原菌复杂繁多,难以采取对症的措施来及时控制病原传播;缺乏安全高效的防治产品和系统防治措施。为深入研究双孢蘑菇采后病害、褐变机理及防控措施,本文对双孢蘑菇主要的侵染性和生理性病害进行介绍,系统总结双孢蘑菇褐变机制中的黑色素代谢途径,并对目前主要的病害控制研究进展进行概括,为双孢蘑菇的采后保鲜手段提供理论基础,也为食用菌产业的绿色健康和可持续发展助力。

关键词: 双孢蘑菇, 生理性病害, 侵染性病害, 褐变机制, 保鲜技术

Abstract:

Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) is one of the most widely cultivated, distributed, and highest-yielding edible fungi in the world. It has excellent qualities due to rich in nutrients and protein, while low in fat, as a food, and tastes tender and delicious. In some regions of China, the A. bisporus industry plays an important role in poverty alleviation and in promoting rural economic development. The mushroom is primarily consumed as fresh food, so appearance and freshness are the main factors determining its commercial value. However, due to its vigorous postharvest physiological activity and lack of a distinct protective structure on the surface, it is highy susceptible to enzymatic browning caused by external factors, such as impact, temperature, and humidity. Additionally, it is easy to be infected by pathogens, such as Pseudomonas, Trichoderma, and Verticillium, leading to browning, decay, and rot, which significantly diminish its appearance, edibility, and commercial value. Due to the large number and variety of pathogens, the current research on postharvest diseases of A. bisporus is mainly focused on disease symptoms, with limited studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of various pathogens. Disease prevention and control for edible fungi like A. bisporus primarily occur during the agricultural cultivation stage. However, postharvest diseases are also unavoidable. Currently, integrated management approaches using physical and chemical methods are commonly employed, such as low temperature and pressure, irradiation, modified atmosphere packaging, and the application of chemical agents like benzoic acid, ascorbic acid, and 1-Methylcyclopropene. Green and safe biological control technologies have become a research hotspot in recent years, including the use of antagonistic bacteria from the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus. However, many studies on these antagonistic bacteria are still at the laboratory stage, and their practical applications are still a long way off. In recent years, with the expansion of A. bisporus cultivation and industry, the sector has faced numerous urgent issues, including the complexity and diversity of pathogens, which makes it difficult to take targeted measures to control the spread of pathogens promptly, and the lack of safe and effective control products and systematic control measures. To advance research on postharvest diseases, browning mechanisms, and disease control in A. bisporus, this review introduced the main infectious and physiological diseases affecting A. bisporus, systematically summarized the melanogenesis pathways involved in browning mechanisms, and reviewed the current research progress in disease control. This work aimed to provide a theoretical foundation for postharvest preservation techniques for A. bisporus and to contribute to the green, healthy, and sustainable development of the edible fungi industry.

Key words: Agaricus bisporus, physiological diseases, infectious diseases, browning mechanism, preservation techniques