中国农业科学 ›› 2020, Vol. 53 ›› Issue (17): 3587-3596.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2020.17.015
收稿日期:
2019-12-17
接受日期:
2020-03-11
出版日期:
2020-09-01
发布日期:
2020-09-11
通讯作者:
赵晓燕
作者简介:
李晓贝,Tel:021-67131635;E-mail:基金资助:
LI XiaoBei(),ZHAO XiaoYan(
),LI JianYing,CHEN Lei,ZHOU ChangYan,HE XiangWei
Received:
2019-12-17
Accepted:
2020-03-11
Online:
2020-09-01
Published:
2020-09-11
Contact:
XiaoYan ZHAO
摘要:
【目的】明确氯噻啉在青菜上的残留特性,为制定氯噻啉在青菜上的安全使用标准提供科学依据。【方法】于上海市松江区进行10%氯噻啉可湿性粉剂在冬季与夏季不同生长季节及露地与大棚不同种植环境下的青菜上的残留试验,其中残留消解动态试验以90 g(a.i.)·hm-2(最高推荐剂量的1.5倍)的剂量施用1次,施药后0(2 h)、1、2、3、4、5、7、10、14、21和30 d连续采集青菜样品检测氯噻啉残留量;最终残留试验以60 g(a.i.)·hm-2(最高推荐剂量)和高剂量90 g(a.i.)·hm-2(最高推荐剂量的1.5倍)两个施药浓度,间隔7 d,施药2—3次,分别于最后一次施药后3、5和7 d采集青菜样品检测氯噻啉残留量。利用QuEChERS前处理方法对青菜中的氯噻啉残留进行提取净化,通过超高效液相色谱–串联质谱法检测氯噻啉在青菜上的残留量。基于最终残留试验结果及青菜的膳食消费量,应用风险商对青菜中氯噻啉残留量进行风险描述,以氯噻啉每日允许摄入量为标准对不同人群的膳食摄入风险进行评估,涵盖未成年男女(3—6岁幼儿及7—19岁儿童青少年)和成年男女(20—59成年人及60—69岁老年人)8类人群。【结果】在0.01—1.0 mg·kg-1的添加浓度范围内,氯噻啉在青菜中的添加回收率为77.2%—87.9%,相对标准偏差为2.5%—3.0%,检出限为0.0002 mg·kg-1,定量限为0.01 mg·kg-1,可满足检测需求。残留试验结果显示:10%氯噻啉可湿性粉剂以90 g(a.i.)·hm-2的施药剂量在青菜上的降解趋势符合一级动力学方程,在冬季大棚、夏季大棚及夏季露地青菜上的消解动态方程分别为C=0.8476e-0.158t、C=1.6558e-0.212t、C=4.3069e-1.197t,半衰期分别为4.39、3.27和0.58 d,消解时间及种植条件均对氯噻啉在青菜上的消解效率有显著影响(P<0.05);以60 g(a.i.)·hm-2和90 g(a.i.)·hm-2的施药剂量在青菜上间隔7 d喷雾2—3次,最后一次施药7 d后冬季大棚内青菜上氯噻啉最终残留量低于0.5 mg·kg-1,最后一次施药3 d后夏季露地及大棚青菜上氯噻啉最终残留量均低于0.5 mg·kg-1,最终残留量与施药浓度基本成正相关,与施药次数无显著相关性(P>0.05)。膳食摄入风险评估结果显示:各类人群通过青菜摄入氯噻啉的风险商最大值为0.2196,远低于1。【结论】氯噻啉属易降解农药,夏季青菜中氯噻啉消解速率高于冬季,露地高于大棚。中国普通居民由青菜摄入氯噻啉的风险较低,慢性摄入风险均可接受。因此,在推荐使用浓度下(45—60 g(a.i.)·hm-2)间隔7 d施用,最多施用3次,安全间隔期夏季3 d、冬季7 d,氯噻啉可安全有效地用于青菜虫害防治。
李晓贝,赵晓燕,李健英,陈磊,周昌艳,何香伟. 氯噻啉在青菜上的残留特性及其膳食摄入风险评估[J]. 中国农业科学, 2020, 53(17): 3587-3596.
LI XiaoBei,ZHAO XiaoYan,LI JianYing,CHEN Lei,ZHOU ChangYan,HE XiangWei. Residue Behavior and Dietary Intake Risk Assessment of Imidaclothiz in Pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.)[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2020, 53(17): 3587-3596.
表3
不同人群的体重和青菜摄入量"
人群类别 Subpopulation | 平均体重 Body weight (kg) | 调研人群数量 Number of investigated groups | 小白菜日均摄入量 Daily intake of pakchoi (kg·d-1) | 蔬菜日均摄入量 Daily intake of vegetable (kg·d-1) |
---|---|---|---|---|
3—6岁男性Male age 3-6 | 19.6 | 50 | 0.066 | 0.266 |
3—6岁女性Female age 3-6 | 18.7 | 43 | 0.061 | 0.213 |
7—19岁男性Male age 7-19 | 48.9 | 365 | 0.071 | 0.294 |
7—19岁女性Female age 7-19 | 43.5 | 360 | 0.074 | 0.299 |
20—59岁男性Male age 20-59 | 70.3 | 646 | 0.074 | 0.279 |
20—59岁女性Female age 20-59 | 57.8 | 722 | 0.069 | 0.263 |
60—69岁男性Male age 60-69 | 67.1 | 132 | 0.062 | 0.252 |
60—69岁女性Female age 60-69 | 59.5 | 135 | 0.063 | 0.247 |
表6
影响动态残留的主体间效应检验结果"
源 Source | III型平方和 Type III sum of square | 自由度 df | 均方 Mean square | F检验 F | 显著性 Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
校正模型 Corrected model | 49.36a | 12 | 4.113 | 95.21 | 0.000 |
截距 Intercept | 29.83 | 1 | 29.83 | 690.4 | 0.000 |
种植条件 Plant conditions | 1.196 | 2 | 0.5980 | 13.84 | 0.000 |
时间 Time | 48.16 | 10 | 4.816 | 111.5 | 0.000 |
误差 Error | 3.716 | 86 | 0.0430 | ||
总计 Total | 82.90 | 99 | |||
校正的总计 Corrected total | 53.08 | 98 |
表7
氯噻啉在青菜中的最终残留量"
施药剂量 Application concentration (g (a.i.)· hm-2) | 施药次数 Application no. | 采收距末次施药间隔时间 Days after the last treatment (d) | 氯噻啉残留量Residue (mg·kg-1) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
大棚(冬季) Greenhouse in winter | 大棚(夏季) Greenhouse in summer | 露地(夏季) Open fields in summer | |||
60 | 2 | 3 | 0.849±0.293 | 0.188±0.042 | 0.203±0.073 |
5 | 0.416±0.101 | 0.082±0.028 | 0.050±0.016 | ||
7 | 0.276±0.056 | 0.046±0.006 | 0.011±0.002 | ||
3 | 3 | 0.621±0.188 | 0.166±0.039 | 0.199±0.064 | |
5 | 0.468±0.076 | 0.087±0.025 | 0.045±0.012 | ||
7 | 0.206±0.040 | 0.046±0.002 | 0.026±0.009 | ||
90 | 2 | 3 | 1.166±0.352 | 0.248±0.035 | 0.246±0.043 |
5 | 0.893±0.439 | 0.147±0.060 | 0.084±0.013 | ||
7 | 0.476±0.149 | 0.112±0.004 | 0.027±0.002 | ||
3 | 3 | 1.103±0.467 | 0.226±0.036 | 0.264±0.017 | |
5 | 0.824±0.254 | 0.128±0.034 | 0.084±0.032 | ||
7 | 0.489±0.227 | 0.113±0.041 | 0.024±0.006 |
表8
影响氯噻啉最终残留的主体间效应检验结果"
源 Source | III 型平方和 Type III sum of square | 自由度df | 均方 Mean square | F检验 F | 显著性 Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
校正模型 Corrected model | 12.19a | 6 | 2.031 | 87.23 | 0.000 |
截距 Intercept | 11.69 | 1 | 11.69 | 502.2 | 0.000 |
种植条件 Plant conditions | 9.566 | 2 | 4.783 | 205.4 | 0.000 |
施药浓度 Spraying dosage | 0.480 | 1 | 0.480 | 20.60 | 0.000 |
施药次数 Spraying number | 0.00001 | 1 | 0.00001 | 0.000 | 0.983 |
采收间隔期 Pre-harvest interval | 2.141 | 2 | 1.070 | 45.98 | 0.000 |
误差 Error | 2.352 | 101 | 0.023 | ||
总计 Total | 26.23 | 108 | |||
校正的总计 Corrected total | 14.54 | 107 |
表9
青菜生长期使用氯噻啉的膳食暴露量和风险商"
人群类别 Subpopulation | 估计暴露量EED (mg·kg-1·bw-1·d-1) | 风险商RQ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
3 d | 5 d | 7 d | 3 d | 5 d | 7 d | |
3—6岁男性 Male age 3-6 | 0.0055 | 0.0037 | 0.0025 | 0.2196 | 0.1492 | 0.0994 |
3—6岁女性 Female age 3-6 | 0.0053 | 0.0036 | 0.0024 | 0.2139 | 0.1454 | 0.0968 |
7—19岁男性 Male age 7-19 | 0.0024 | 0.0016 | 0.0011 | 0.0944 | 0.0642 | 0.0427 |
7—19岁女性 Female age 7-19 | 0.0028 | 0.0019 | 0.0013 | 0.1111 | 0.0755 | 0.0503 |
20—59岁男性 Male age 20-59 | 0.0017 | 0.0012 | 0.0008 | 0.0683 | 0.0464 | 0.0309 |
20—59岁女性 Female age 20-59 | 0.0019 | 0.0013 | 0.0009 | 0.0777 | 0.0528 | 0.0352 |
60—69岁男性 Male age 60-69 | 0.0015 | 0.0010 | 0.0007 | 0.0603 | 0.0410 | 0.0273 |
60—69岁女性 Female age 60-69 | 0.0017 | 0.0012 | 0.0008 | 0.0696 | 0.0473 | 0.0315 |
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