中国农业科学

• 土壤肥料 • 上一篇    下一篇

北方土壤供钾能力及钾肥高效施用技术研究回顾与展望

程明芳1;金继运1;黄绍文1;刘荣乐2;杨俐苹1   

  1. 1、中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所;
    2、中国农业科学院研究生院,北京 100081
  • 出版日期:2007-12-31 发布日期:2007-12-31
  • 通讯作者: 金继运(1951-),男,河南范县人,研究员,博士,博士生导师,研究方向为植物营养。Tel:010-68918000;E-mail:jyjin@caas.ac.cn
  • 作者简介:程明芳(1963-),男,浙江桐乡人,副研究员,博士,研究方向为土壤养分的植物有效性。Tel:010-68918676;E-mail:mfcheng@caas.ac.cn。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(49371036)和中国-加拿大合作项目

Review and Prospect of Soil Potassium Supply Capacity and Rational Potash Application Technology in North China Soils

CHENG Ming-fang; JIN Ji-yun; HUANG Shao-wen; LIU Rong-le; YANG Li-ping   

  1. 1、Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences ;
    2、The Gradual School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081
  • Online:2007-12-31 Published:2007-12-31

摘要: 在中国-加拿大政府间合作项目和国家自然科学基金项目支持下,中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所等9个科研单位经过10多年的联合攻关,对我国北方主要土壤的钾素状况和供钾能力、各种主要种植制度下土壤-作物系统内钾素循环规律、不同地区和不同土壤上钾的丰缺状况及发展趋势以及不同地区和不同作物上钾肥有效施用的条件和技术措施等重大问题开展了深入细致的研究。项目采取统一方案、点面结合、理论研究与应用技术同步展开的技术路线,选择有代表性的土壤类型和种植制度,建立了25个研究作物-土壤体系内钾素循环的定位试验。从各定位试验点上采集耕层土壤样品,研究土壤钾素存在形态、各形态土壤钾素的植物有效性、土壤对钾素的吸附固定能力、土壤固有钾素释放特征和土壤对外源钾吸附和解吸过程的动力学。在25个定位试验点上研究主要作物种植制度下土壤-作物系统内钾素循环规律和相应的钾素调控技术。同时,在各主要省区,重点在东北和华北地区安排了大量田间试验和示范,系统研究了玉米、小麦、水稻、棉花等主要作物的需钾特性、吸钾规律、施钾反应、高效施钾条件及技术。结合土壤钾素定位试验和田间试验与示范,从各省区主要土壤类型上选取8 500多个有代表性的耕层土壤样品,研究分析各省区和主要土壤类型的钾素状况和供钾能力。将我国北方主要农区土壤按其供钾能力分区,应用GIS建立我国北方土壤钾素信息系统,绘制了北方土壤钾素现状图,对我国北方土壤的钾素状况和供钾能力进行了全面综合的评价。在项目执行期间,积极推广取得的技术成果,产生了巨大的经济效益。本项目获2000年国家科技进步二等奖。

关键词: 钾素形态 , 北方土壤 , 供钾能力 , 钾肥施用技术 , 种植制度 , 作物需钾特性

Abstract: Under the support of Potash and Phosphate Institute of Canada and Natural Science Foundation of China, with the close co-operation of nine research institutions headed by Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, following researches were conducted: the potassium status and potassium supply capacity of main soil types in north China; the potassium transformation characteristics in crop-soil system under main cropping systems in north China; the status of potassium and its change trend in different areas and soils and the conditions and technical measures of potash application effectively in varied areas and crops. Twenty five site-fixed field trials were established to study the circulation of potassium within crop-soil system selecting typical soil types and cropping systems. Soil samples were collected from each trial location to study the existing forms of soil potassium, the plant availability of each form of soil potassium, the capacity of adsorption and fixation of soil to applied potassium, the release characteristics of native soil potassium and the dynamics of adsorption to applied potassium and its release. The potassium circulation characteristics and related adjustment and control technology were also studied within soil-crop system in main cropping systems of 25 field trial locations. At the same time, a great deal of field experiments and demonstrations were set up in chief provinces and cities mainly in northeast and northern China, the potassium requirement characteristics, the response to potash application, the condition and technology of efficient potash application were studied systematically in corn, wheat, paddy rice and vegetables. More than 8 500 plough layer soil samples were collected from main soil types of different provinces and regions to study the soil potassium status and supply power. A complete and comprehensive evaluation was put forward to the soil potassium status and supply power in north China. Large economic benefit was gained by extension of this technology. And this technology was prized as National Second Award of Science and Technology Progress in 2000.

Key words: Form of potassium , North China soil , Potassium supply capacity , Potash application technology , Cropping system , Potassium requirement characteristics of crop