中国农业科学

• 植物保护 • 上一篇    下一篇

新乡示范区控制棉铃虫猖獗危害配套关键技术研究回顾与展望

郭予元,梁革梅   

  1. 中国农业科学院植物保护研究所/植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室,北京 100094
  • 出版日期:2007-12-31 发布日期:2007-12-31
  • 作者简介:郭予元(1933-),男,广东潮阳人,研究员,中国工程院院士,研究方向为昆虫化学生态学和害虫综合防治。Tel:010-62894786;E-mail:yuyuanguo@hotmail.com
  • 基金资助:
    国家“八五”重点科技攻关项目

Damage of Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in Xinxiang Demonstration Area—Review and Prospect

GUO Yu-yuan, LIANG Ge-mei   

  1. State Key Laboratory of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100094
  • Online:2007-12-31 Published:2007-12-31

摘要: 自1986年起中国农科院植保所棉虫研究组在河南省新乡县建立了棉花病虫害综合防治示范区,逐步提高完善棉花病虫害综合防治体系和关键防治技术,成功地控制了棉花病虫的危害。本项成果获1996年国家科技进步3等奖,1994年起,示范推广面积得到进一步扩大,累计在冀、鲁、豫、陕等省的18个主产棉县(市、区)直接推广应用47 900 ha,经济和社会效益显著。成果主要内容包括:系统研究了棉花对棉铃虫为害的反应,明确了黄河流域棉区不同世代棉铃虫对棉花产量的影响,并依此提出了“1代监测、2代保顶、3代保蕾、4代保铃”的新对策;准确开展棉铃虫发生期和发生量的中期预测,在全国首创以麦田扫网法取样预测棉田2代发生期与发生量的中期预测法,准确率达到90%以上;研究适用于不同肥力水平棉田的科学的防治指标,获得了减少棉田用药次数和剂量、降低治虫成本、保护环境和适时防治的综合效益;开展了棉花种质资源抗虫性鉴定、筛选及其应用的研究,筛选得到了10多个高抗、高产、优质的抗棉铃虫品种材料;通过棉铃虫生命表调查研究,明确了棉铃虫自然种群存活曲线、棉铃虫各虫期的主要天敌种类及其控制作用;坚持系统监测棉铃虫对菊酯类和有机磷等主要杀虫剂的抗药性发展情况,提出了综合治理棉铃虫抗药性的对策。迄今为止,转Bt基因棉花的种植在中国逐渐普及,原来的棉铃虫、红铃虫等重要害虫已经成为次要害虫,而一些非靶标刺吸害虫的危害却逐渐加重。本文就棉铃虫对转基因棉花抗性的监测、合理作物布局和耕作降低田间抗性的增长及进一步研究非靶标害虫的生态学和防治策略等进行了简单的探讨。

关键词: 棉铃虫 , 棉花IPM示范区 , 抗性监测 , 非靶标害虫 , 治理

Abstract: The Xinxiang Cotton IPM Demonstration Area, locating at Xinxiang County, Henan Province, was established by IPP, CAAS since 1986. A complete set of key technique system of cotton IPM was gradually developed and fulfilled after plenty field tests were conducted by the entomologists of IPP. This cotton IPM system has experienced the unprecedented outbreak of cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in 1992 and 1993; its serious damage had been effectively controlled in this demonstration area. Until 1994, the accumulated area of direct demonstration areas had increased up to nearly 0.5 million ha scattered in 18 cotton producing provinces, and significant economic and social benefits were obtained. Owing to the achievement mentioned above, the awared research group has got a third class national award in the progress of science and technology in 1996 endowed by the Chinese government. The main contents of this achievement are as follows: (1) The effects of H. armigera in different generations on cotton were clarified, from these, a new control tactics was formulated as: “to monitor and forecast population dynamics in first generation; to protect cotton plant tip in second generation; to prevent the damage of cotton square in third generation; to ensure the safety of cotton boll in fourth generation”. (2) It was confirmed for the first time that to inspect the density of 1st generation larvae on wheat ear by sweeping net, for predicting the population dynamics of 2nd generation larvae on cotton plant more than 20 days ahead of time, the accuracy attained to more than 90%. (3) The action thresholds of cotton bollworm in 2nd and 3rd generations at different soil fertility levels were studied and determined. (4) The appraisal standards and method for resistance of cotton to H. armigera were laid down, more than 10 cotton lines possessing high resistance, high yield and high quality characteristics were selected. (5) The life tables of cotton bollworm in different generations were researched and analyzed, the key factors affecting its population dynamics were determined. (6) The resistance of cotton bollworm to main chemical insecticides were monitored systematically, the bio-chemical and physiological mechanisms were analyzed, and the management strategies of chemical resistance were implemented in demonstration area.Since the growing of Bt transgenic cotton has been nearly popularized in China so far, the originally important insect pests such as cotton bollworm and pink bollworm have become secondary ones, while the damage of non-target sucking insect pests increase obviously. In this paper, the monitoring of resistance in H. armigera population to Bt transgenic cotton, the reasonable crop distribution for relieving increase of resistance in field, and further studies on the bionomics and control tactics of non-target insect pests were briefly discussed.

Key words: Cotton bollworm , Cotton IPM demonstration , Resistance monitoring , Non-target insect pests , Management