中国农业科学 ›› 2007, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (4): 741-748 .

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉 • 上一篇    下一篇

河西走廊中段边缘绿洲农田土壤性状与团聚体特征

苏永中,王 芳,张智慧,杜明武   

  1. 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所流域水文与应用生态实验室
  • 收稿日期:2006-08-31 修回日期:2006-10-30 出版日期:2007-04-10 发布日期:2007-04-10

Soil Properties and Characteristics of Soil Aggregate in Marginal Farmland of Oasis in The Middle of Hexi Corridor Region

  1. 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所流域水文与应用生态实验室
  • Received:2006-08-31 Revised:2006-10-30 Online:2007-04-10 Published:2007-04-10

摘要: 【目的】土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性与土壤质量、土壤侵蚀和农业可持续性有着密切联系。【方法】在甘肃河西走廊中段近几十年来开垦的边缘绿洲区4种土类中(砂质新成土、正常干旱土、旱耕人为土和干润雏形土)采集49个农田表层土样(0~10 cm),用干筛和湿筛法分析土壤团聚体组成及其稳定性,并分析了与土壤团聚体形成有关的土壤物理、化学性状。【结果】除干润雏形土外,大部分土壤粒级组成以沙粒为主;土壤有机碳含量低,平均为(5.88±2.52)g•kg-1,4种土类中有机碳平均含量平均为4.75~10.51 g•kg-1,以砂质新成土最低,干润雏形土最高;碳酸钙含量普遍较高,平均含量为84.7~164.8 g•kg-1,随土壤粘粉粒和有机碳含量的增加而增加;不同土类>0.25 mm的干团聚体平均变动在65.2%~94.6%,干团聚体组成以>5 mm的大块状团聚体(土块)为主,平均重量粒径(DMWD)变动在3.2~5.5 mm;>0.25 mm的水稳性团聚体变动在23.8%~45.4%,团聚体破坏率(PAD)为52.4%~66.8%,团聚体组成和特征有利于抵抗土壤风蚀,但稳定性差,灌溉后易于分散、沉实板结、通透性差。土壤粘粉粒、有机碳、碳酸钙及铁铝氧化物均对团聚体的形成有显著作用,以土壤粘粒和细粉粒作用最大,有机碳和碳酸钙作用次之;但有机碳和碳酸钙对团聚体的稳定性较粘粉粒的影响更为明显。退耕种植多年生苜蓿后,土壤有机碳、团聚体数量及其稳定性显著增加。【结论】对生态脆弱的边缘绿洲区新垦土地,退耕还草或推行草粮轮作,是改善土壤结构、提高土壤肥力、减轻土壤风蚀的可持续土地利用的有效途径。

关键词: 土壤团聚体, 土壤性状, 退耕还草, 河西边缘绿洲

Abstract: Abstract: Soil aggregate composition and stability is closely related to soil quality, soil erosion and agricultural sustainability. In this study, forty-nine soil samples at the 0-10cm surface layer were collected from four soil groups (i.e. Ari-Sandic Primosols, Calci-Orthic Aridosols, Siltigi-Otrthic Anthrosols and Ustic Cambosols) in the marginal farmland of oasis in the middle of Hexi Corridor region. Some selected soil physical and chemical properties were determined, and the composition of dry-seived and wet sieved aggregates, dry mean weight diameter (DMWD) and percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) were analyzed. Soil particle size distribution is dominant in sand fine sand fraction in most of soils with exception of Ustic Cambosols. Soil organic carbon concentration is 5.88±2.52g kg-1 on average, and range from 4.75 g kg-1 for Ari-Sandic Primosols to 10.51 g kg-1 for Ustic Cambosols. The soils have high Calcium carbonate(CaCO3)concentration and range from 84.7 g kg-1 to 164.8 g kg-1, which increased with soil fine particle and organic carbon content. The percentage of >0.25mm dry aggregates range from 65.2% for Ari-Sandic Primosols to 94.6% for Ustic Cambosols, and large dry aggregates (>5mm) are dominant in all soils. The DMWD averages in 3.2-5.5mm. The mass of >0.25mm water-stable aggregate is 23.8%-45.4%. PAD is 52.4%-66.8%. The distribution and characteristics of soil aggregates are favorable for controlling soil erosion by wind. However, the stability of aggregate for all soils is low and soils are prone to disperse and harden after irrigation. The mass of macro-aggregates and DMWD are significant positively correlated with soil properties, such as soil clay and silt, soil organic carbon (SOC), CaCO3, and oxides of Fe3+ and Al3+. Soil fine silt and clay, SOC and CaCO3 are important agents of aggregation in this region, and the effect of SOC and CaCO3 on aggregate stability are more significant than that of soil silt and clay. Converting cropland to alfalfa forage land can increase SOC concentration, and in turn, enhance the formation of aggregates and stability. For the marginal farmlands in this fragile ecological area, returning cropland to alfalfa grassland or performing crop-grass rotation, and applying organic manure is an effective and basic strategy to improve soil structure and quality, mitigate soil erosion by wind and enhance oasis agricultural sustainability.

Key words: Soil aggregate, Soil properties, Returning cropland to grassland, Marginal oasis, Hexi Corridor region