农民的农业生产多样性对其饮食多样化和营养健康的影响

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.18.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 目的我国是大国小农的基本国情,小农户比重大,自产自消（费）程度高,他们的食物生产、消费与营养协调发展是乡村振兴战略的健康保障,调查江苏省、河南省、四川省农民的饮食多样性（人日均摄入的食物种类）以及农业生产多样性（日常生产的食物种类）与饮食多样化和营养健康（BMI）的相关性,旨在为农民良好饮食习惯形成以及农村人力资本建设提供理论依据。方法基于随机抽样和分层抽样相结合的问卷调查方法,利用食物频率法从江苏省10个村、河南省10个村、四川省6个村共收集395份农民调查问卷,开展总样本与各省分样本自产食物种类情况、各类食物摄入的来源与数量、每日摄入自产食物的营养状况的描述性分析;根据食物消费与个人健康效用的经济理论,在不存在内生性问题的前提下,采用多元线性回归模型分析农民的农业生产多样性对其饮食多样化的影响和采用Probit模型探讨农民的农业生产多样性对其营养健康的影响。结果受访者的农业生产多样性程度不高,平均生产3.37个食物种类,省际差距较小,摄入的食物如水产品、水果类、奶及奶制品、畜禽肉主要来自购买;农民的饮食多样化程度也不高,人日均摄入食物种类3.34个,省际差距较大,摄入自产食物的数量均低于推荐量;在总摄入量中,畜禽肉摄入过多,而奶及奶制品、水产品摄入不充分;农民人日均摄入自产食物获得的营养不均衡,从自产食物获取的能量充足,但获取蛋白质、脂肪、钙、镁、钾、维生素A等营养素较低;近6成农民的BMI值正常,但省际差距较大。农民的饮食多样性、营养健康与农业生产多样性在10%统计水平上有显著的正相关性;农民的年龄、受教育程度、家庭总纯收入、营养知识认知、市场准入等因素也对饮食多样化有显著影响,而农民的性别、年龄、受教育程度以及食物营养教育等因素对个人的营养健康产生显著影响。结论与其他发展中国家一样,我国的农业生产多样性促进了农民的饮食多样化和营养健康。然而,随着我国农业商品化程度和农民非农收入的提高,农民购买食物满足饮食多样化的趋势不可逆转,在水土资源有限的实际情况下提高农民农业生产多样性的可行性不大。因此,鼓励在农村建立规范化的农产品市场,加强食物营养宣传教育提高农民营养知识可能是保障他们饮食多样化和营养健康的可行途径。

关键词: 农业生产多样性, 饮食多样化, 营养健康, 食物频率法, 营养导向型农业

Abstract:

【Objective】One of the basic national conditions in China is ‘smallholders in the large country’. The proportion of smallholders is high, and the degree of self-production and self-marketing costs is also high. The coordinated development of smallholders’ food production, consumption and nutrition is the health guarantee of rural revitalization strategy. Farmers’ dietary diversity (types of food eaten per day) and the correlation between farmers' farm production diversity (types of food produced on a daily basis) and their dietary diversity and nutritional health (BMI) were analyzed for providing the theoretical basis for farmers' good eating habits formation and rural human capital construction.【Method】395 farmers' questionnaires were collected from 10 villages in Jiangsu province, 10 villages in Henan province and 6 villages in Sichuan province based on random sampling and stratified sampling. Descriptive analysis was carried out on the types of food produced by farmers in three provinces, which involved the sources and quantities of all kinds of food intake, and the nutritional status of daily intake of food which produced by farmers. According to the economic theory of food consumption and individual health utility, multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the influence of farmers' agricultural production diversity on their dietary diversity, and Probit model was used to explore the influence of farmers' agricultural production diversity on their nutritional health without the endogeneity.【Result】The respondents' farm production diversity was not high and 3.37 food types were produced on average, but the inter-provincial gap was small and the intake of food such as aquatic products, fruits, milk and dairy products, livestock and poultry were mainly from the purchase. Farmers also had a low degree of dietary diversity with an average daily intake of 3.34 types of food, but the inter-provincial gap was large. The amount of home-grown food consumed was lower than national recommendation. In total daily intake per capita, livestock and poultry meat intake was too much, while milk and dairy products, aquatic products intake were insufficient. Farmers had nutritional imbalance from daily intake of food produced by themselves. Home-grown food provided plenty of energy, but low intakes of protein, fat, calcium, magnesium, potassium and vitamin A. Nearly 60 percent of farmers had normal BMI but the inter-provincial gap was large. Farmers' farm production diversity had a significant positive correlation with their dietary diversity and nutritional health at the statistical level of 10%. In addition, factors such as farmers' age, education level, total net family income, nutrition knowledge cognition and market access had significant influence on dietary diversity while the factors, such as farmers' gender, age, education level and food nutrition education, had significant influence on individual nutrition health.【Conclusion】As in other developing countries, farmers' farm production diversity in China promotes their dietary diversity and nutritional health. However, along with agriculture commercialization degree and farmers’ non-agricultural income enhancement, the trend of farmers' food purchase to meet the dietary diversity is irreversible and it is not feasible to improve farmers' farm production diversity under the practical condition of limited water and soil resources. Therefore, to encourage the establishment of standardized agricultural products market in rural areas and strengthen the publicity and education of food nutrition to improve farmers' nutrition knowledge may be a feasible way to ensure dietary diversity and nutritional health.

Key words: farm production diversity, dietary diversity, nutrition and health, food frequency method, nutrition-sensitive agriculture

黄泽颖,孙君茂,郭燕枝,王秀丽,马云倩. 农民的农业生产多样性对其饮食多样化和营养健康的影响[J]. 中国农业科学, 2019, 52(18): 3108-3121.

HUANG ZeYing,SUN JunMao,GUO YanZhi,WANG XiuLi,MA YunQian. Influence of Farmers’ Farm Production Diversity on Their Own Dietary Diversity and Nutritional Health[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2019, 52(18): 3108-3121.

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链接本文: https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2019.18.004

https://www.chinaagrisci.com/CN/Y2019/V52/I18/3108

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研究变量的统计概况"

变量名称 Variable name	变量 Variable	变量的解释 Variables interpretation	变量的说明与赋值 Description and assignment of variables	均值 Mean	标准差 Standard deviation
因变量 Dependent variable	农民的饮食多样化 Farmers' dietary diversity	人日均摄入的食物种类 The type of food daily intake per capita	计数变量 Counting variable	3.34	1.18
因变量 Dependent variable	农民营养健康状况 Farmers' nutritional health	健康（18.5 kg·m^-2≤BMI<24 kg·m^-2）,不健康（低于18.5 kg·m^-2和高于24 kg·m^-2） Healthy (18.5 kg·m^-2≤BMI< 24 kg·m^-2), unhealthy (below 18.5 kg·m^-2 and above 24 kg·m^-2)	分类变量：不健康=0;健康=1 Categorical variables: unhealthy =0; Health = 1	0.59	0.49
关键解释变量 Key explanatory variable	农业生产多样性 Farm production diversity	农民生产的食物种类 The kinds of food farmers produce	计数变量 Counting variable	3.37	1.48
控制变量 Control variable	性别 Gender	—	分类变量：女=0;男=1 Categorical variables: Female = 0; Male = 1	0.41	0.49
	年龄 Age	—	连续变量：周岁 Continuous variables; Age	56.38	12.51
	受教育程度 Education	目前的最高教育程度 Current highest education level	虚拟变量：小学以下文化水平=1;否=0 Dummy variable: Education level below primary school =1; No = 0	0.21	0.40
			虚拟变量：小学文化水平=1 ;否=0 Dummy variable: Education level below primary school =1; No= 0	0.30	0.46
			虚拟变量：初中文化水平=1 ;否=0 Dummy variable: Junior middle school education level =1; No = 0	0.36	0.48
			虚拟变量：高中、中专、职高文化水平=1 ;否=0 Dummy variable: High school, technical secondary school, vocational high school education level =1; No= 0	0.10	0.31
			虚拟变量：大专及以上=1 ;否=0 Dummy variable: College degree and above =1; No= 0	0.03	0.17
	家庭总纯收入 Total net household income	—	连续变量：万元 Continuous variable: Ten thousand yuan	2.93	2.74
	营养知识认知 Knowledge of nutrition	对《中国居民膳食指南（2016）》中（1）食物多样、谷物为主;（2）吃动平衡、健康体重;（3）多吃蔬果、奶类、大豆;（4）适量吃鱼、禽、蛋、瘦肉;（5）少油少盐、控糖限酒;（6）杜绝浪费,兴新食尚的认知情况 The known advices from Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents (2016),.(1) Food variety, mainly grains;(2) The balance between diet and activity for healthy weight;(3) Eat more fruits, vegetables, milk and soy;(4) Eat fish, poultry, eggs, lean meat appropriately;(5) Less oil, less salt, less sugar and less wine;(6) Put an end to waste and start new diets	计数变量：全部了解=6;以此类推,全部不了解=0 Counting variable: Understand all=6; And so on, understand none=0	3.97	1.87
	市场准入 Market access	所在村与最近食物/食品市场的距离 The distance between the village and the nearest food market	连续变量（公里） Continuous variable (km)	2.45	2.68
	食物营养教育服务 Food and nutrition education service	是否有人员过来开展食物营养健康教育 Whether health education of food and nutrition was carried out	分类变量：否=0;是=1 Categorical variables:No=0;Yes= 1	0.53	0.50

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食物种类 Types of food	江苏 Jiangsu	河南 Henan	四川 Sichuan
谷薯类 Potato	小麦、水稻、毛豆 Wheat, rice, edamame	小麦、玉米、红薯、小米、水稻 Wheat, corn, sweet potato, rice, millet, rice	水稻、玉米、小麦、豌豆、红薯、红豆沙、绿豆、豇豆、土豆、青豆 Rice, corn, wheat, peas, sweet potato, red bean paste, mung bean, cowpea, potato, green bean
大豆及坚果 Soy and nut	大豆 Soybean	—	大豆、花生 Soybean and peanut
蔬菜类 Vegetable	菜籽、黄瓜、油菜 Rapeseed, cucumber, rape	菜、蒜、红萝卜 Vegetable, garlic, carrot	西红柿、油菜、黄瓜、佛手瓜、苦瓜、茄子、丝瓜、青椒、白菜、油菜籽、平菇、辣椒、番茄、空心菜、菠菜 Tomato, rape, cucumber, finger-gourd, bitter gourd, eggplant, towel gourd, green pepper, Chinese cabbage, rapeseed, mushroom, pepper, tomato, water spinach, spinach
水果类 Fruit	桃、枇杷、杨梅、葡萄 Peach, loquat, arbutus, grape	西瓜 Watermelon	猕猴桃、红心果、甘蔗、核桃、梨、西瓜、柑、雪橙、韭菜、蓝莓、桃、橘子、葡萄 Kiwi, red fruit, sugar cane, walnut, pear, watermelon, orange, snow orange, leek, blueberry, peach, orange, grape
蛋类 Egg	鸡蛋 Egg	鸡蛋 Egg	鸡蛋 Egg
奶及奶制品 Milk and dairy product	—	牛奶 Milk	牛奶 Milk
水产品 Aquatic product	鱼 Fish	—	鱼 Fish
畜禽肉 Meat and poultry	鸡、鸭、鹅、羊、猪 Chicken, duck, goose, sheep, pig	猪、牛、羊、鸡、鹅、兔、鸭 Pig, cattle, sheep, chicken, goose, rabbit, duck	鸡、鸭、猪、兔、鹅 Chicken, duck, pig, rabbit, goose

食物种类 Types of food	摄入量 Intake (g·d^-1)	自产的比例 Percent of own production (%)	自产的摄入量 Homegrown intake (g·d^-1)	占平均推荐量的比例 Percent of the average recommended volume (%)	购买的比例 Purchase percentage (%)	购买的摄入量 Intake from purchase (g·d^-1)	其他的比例 The percentage of the rest (%)	其他的摄入量 Other intake (g·d^-1)	推荐量 Recommended (g·d^-1)
谷薯类 Potato	342.29	22.64	77.49	23.84	75.12	257.13	2.24	7.67	250-400
大豆及坚果 Soy and nuts	22.22	24.06	5.35	17.83	70.02	15.56	5.92	1.32	25-35
蔬菜类 Vegetable	380.37	45.62	173.52	43.38	53.67	204.14	0.71	2.70	300-500
水果类 Fruit	73.31	2.78	2.04	0.74	95.44	69.97	1.78	1.30	200-350
蛋类 Egg	49.49	39.37	19.48	43.29	58.42	28.91	2.21	1.09	40-50
奶及奶制品 Milk and dairy products	37.89	2.61	0.99	0.33	94.20	35.69	3.19	1.21	300
水产品 Aquatic product	37.69	0.6	0.23	0.40	96.6	36.41	2.8	1.06	40-75
畜禽肉 Meat and poultry	115.89	13.55	15.70	27.30	85.49	99.07	0.96	1.11	40-75

食物种类 Types of food	摄入量 Intake (g·d^-1)	自产的比例 Percent of own production (%)	自产的摄入量 Homegrown intake (g·d^-1)	占平均推荐量的比例 Percent of the average recommended volume (%)	购买的比例 Purchase percentage (%)	购买的摄入量 Intake from purchase (g·d^-1)	其他的比例 The percentage of the rest (%)	其他的摄入量 Other intake (g·d^-1)	推荐量 Recommended (g·d^-1)
谷薯类 Potato	309.30	21.93	67.83	20.87	74.28	229.75	3.79	11.72	250-400
大豆及坚果 Soy and nut	20.74	13.93	2.89	9.63	84.39	17.50	1.68	0.35	25-35
蔬菜类 Vegetable	349.46	23.58	82.40	20.60	74.95	261.92	1.47	5.14	300-500
水果类 Fruit	57.18	1.8	1.03	0.37	98.2	56.15	0	0.00	200-350
蛋类 Egg	61.01	24.18	14.75	32.78	72.64	44.32	3.18	1.94	40-50
奶及奶制品 Milk and dairy product	27.00	0	0	0	99.39	26.84	0.61	0.16	300
水产品 Aquatic product	52.24	0.43	0.22	0.38	98.54	51.48	1.03	0.54	40-75
畜禽肉 Meat and poultry	115.81	6.17	7.15	12.43	93.2	107.93	0.63	0.73	40-75

食物种类 Types of food	摄入量 Intake (g·d^-1)	自产的比例 Percent of own production (%)	自产的摄入量 Homegrown intake (g·d^-1)	占平均推荐量的比例 Percent of the average recommended volume (%)	购买的比例 Purchase percentage (%)	购买的摄入量 Intake from purchase (g·d^-1)	其他的比例 The percentage of the rest (%)	其他的摄入量 Other intake (g·d^-1)	推荐量 Recommended (g·d^-1)
谷薯类 Potato	381.27	21.07	80.33	24.72	75.01	285.99	3.92	14.95	250-400
大豆及坚果 Soy and nut	10.44	26.33	2.75	9.17	73.67	7.69	0	0	25-35
蔬菜类 Vegetables	194.55	35.81	69.67	17.42	63.98	124.47	0.22	0.43	300-500
水果类 Fruit	68.29	1.93	1.32	0.48	94.94	64.83	3.13	2.14	200-350
蛋类 Egg	59.87	23.94	14.33	31.84	68.18	40.82	7.88	4.72	40-50
奶及奶制品 Milk and dairy products	36.29	7.8	2.83	0.94	3.58	1.30	88.62	32.16	300
水产品 Aquatic product	29.50	0	0	0	98.67	29.11	1.33	0.39	40-75
畜禽肉 Meat and poultry	44.41	28.56	12.68	22.05	71.12	31.58	0.32	0.14	40-75

食物种类 Types of food	摄入量 Intake (g·d^-1)	自产的比例 Percent of own production (%)	自产的摄入量 Homegrown intake (g·d^-1)	占平均推荐量的比例 Percent of the average recommended volume (%)	购买的比例 Purchase percentage (%)	购买的摄入量 Intake from purchase (g·d^-1)	其他的比例 The percentage of the rest (%)	其他的摄入量 Other intake (g·d^-1)	推荐量 Recommended (g·d^-1)
谷薯类 Potato	346.71	30.07	104.26	32.08	66.71	231.29	3.22	11.16	250-400
大豆及坚果 Soy and nut	31.10	33.1	10.29	34.30	64.66	20.11	2.24	0.70	25-35
蔬菜类 Vegetable	527.01	63.25	333.33	83.33	36.22	190.88	0.53	2.79	300-500
水果类 Fruit	90.89	4.09	3.72	1.35	93.50	84.98	2.41	2.19	200-350
蛋类 Egg	32.57	58.74	19.13	42.51	40.55	13.21	0.71	0.23	40-50
奶及奶制品 Milk and dairy product	48.63	1.16	0.56	0.19	1.22	0.59	97.62	47.47	300
水产品 Aquatic product	29.98	1.07	0.32	0.56	86.38	25.90	12.56	3.77	40-75
畜禽肉 Meat and poultry	161.78	44.33	71.72	124.73	53.31	86.24	2.36	3.82	40-75