中国农业科学 ›› 2018, Vol. 51 ›› Issue (11): 2116-2125.doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2018.11.009

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

高效施肥技术研究的现状与展望

白由路   

  1. 中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/农业部植物营养与肥料重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 收稿日期:2017-12-08 出版日期:2018-06-01 发布日期:2018-06-01
  • 作者简介:白由路,Tel:010-82108673;E-mail:baiyoulu@caas.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家科技支撑计划(2015BAB23B02)

The Situation and Prospect of Research on Efficient Fertilization

BAI YouLu   

  1. Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081
  • Received:2017-12-08 Online:2018-06-01 Published:2018-06-01

摘要: 长期以来,施肥目的是为了提高作物产量,保证人类发展对粮食的需求。化学肥料的发明大大缓解了人口增长与粮食需求的矛盾。但是,随着与之相伴的农产品安全、生态环境安全问题逐渐揭示并被广泛关注,如何在提高肥料效益、保证粮食产量与减少肥料施用、保证环境安全问题上找到平衡点,成了施肥技术必须面对的问题,解决这一问题的关键是高效施肥。文中阐述了高效施肥的内涵,认为高效施肥需要从粮食高效、生产高效、资源高效和环境高效四个方面加以理解。高效施肥可定义为,在作物营养供应的各个环节上,采用现代技术手段,最大限度地提高肥料利用效率,以充分保证提高作物的产量和品质、减少资源浪费、维护生态环境。文中详细介绍了目前国内外应用较为成熟的几种高效施肥技术,即测土施肥、精准施肥、灌溉施肥和轻简施肥等。在测土施肥方面,介绍了美国和欧洲目前的应用情况,同时也介绍了我国从20世纪70年代开始进行测土施肥以来的进展;在精准施肥方面,介绍了精准施肥技术的理论、核心技术、发展过程及其实现的技术途径等,分析了精准农业的经济效益及其在世界的应用情况;在灌溉施肥方面,介绍了灌溉施肥的优点、灌溉施肥的方式与研究历程,重点介绍了表面灌溉施肥技术、滴灌施肥技术和微喷施肥技术等。作者指出,在可预见的未来,高效施肥会向着信息化、自动化、智能化、轻简化方向发展,特别在高效施肥技术、数字化养分管理系统、养分高效利用基因筛选等方面需要深入研究,同时还要注意营养链一体化管理、作物营养调控技术的研究与应用。

关键词: 高效施肥, 精准施肥, 灌溉施肥, 营养链理论, 数字化管理, 生态环境

Abstract: For long time, the purpose of fertilization was to increase crop yield and ensure the demand for food of human, the invention of chemical fertilizer greatly alleviated the contradiction between population growing and food demanding. However, the relationship of fertilizer application and the safety of agricultural products and ecological environment have aroused wide concern. How to find a balance between improving fertilizer benefit and reducing fertilizer application to ensure environmental safety has become an important problem for fertilizer application. For them, the main way is efficient fertilization. This paper expounds the connotation of efficient fertilization, and considers that efficient fertilization needs to be understood from four aspects: efficiency for grain products, efficiency for production, efficiency for resource and efficiency for environment. Efficient fertilization can be defined as, in every link of crop nutrient supply, the use of modern technical means to maximize the efficiency of fertilizer utilization so as to ensure the improvement of crop yield and quality, reduce the waste of resources and protect the ecological environment. This paper introduces in detail several kinds of efficient fertilization techniques which have been widely used in worldwide, such as soil testing and fertilizer recommendation, precision fertilization, fertigation technology, simple and labor saving fertilization. In the field of soil testing and fertilizer recommendation, this paper introduces the current application of this technique in the United States and Europe, and also introduces the situation of soil testing fertilizer recommendation in China since the 1970s. In the field of precision fertilization, this paper introduces its theory, core technology, development process and the technical ways to realize it, and analyzes the economic benefits of precision agriculture and its application in worldwide. In the field of fertigation, the advantages, pattern, and research process of fertigation are introduced, and emphatically introduced the surface fertigation technology, drip fertigation technology and micro-spraying fertigation technology. The paper put forward that in the foreseeable future, efficient fertilization will be developing towards to information, automation, intelligence and simplification, in particular, it is necessary to carry out in-depth research on efficiency nutrition diagnosis technology, digital nutrient management system and nutrient efficient gene screening, and we also should pay attention to research the integrated management of nutrition chain and the crop nutrition regulation technology.

Key words: efficient fertilization, precision fertilization, fertigation, nutrition chain theory, digital management, ecological environment