1980—2010年东北地区种植结构时空变化特征

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2016.21.005

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】探讨过去30年东北地区像元尺度种植结构的时空分布特征和演变规律，为东北地区农业政策的调整提供科学基础。【方法】基于1980—2010年东北三省的玉米、大豆、水稻和小麦种植面积的县级统计数据，利用SPAM-China模型获取10 km像元尺度上种植结构的分布信息，构建以像元内种植面积比例超过30%和占比前三位的种植结构类型的判定方式，利用空间叠加方法分析种植比例及其结构类型的时空变化特征。【结果】运用像元结果初步阐明了东北地区的种植结构变化特征，首先种植规模的优先顺序在2000年左右发生了变化，由玉米＞大豆＞小麦＞水稻变为玉米＞大豆＞水稻＞小麦；其次，30年间共出现14种组合类型，包括6种水稻及其组合类型由1980年的8.30%增至2010年18.64%，主要分布于辽河平原、松嫩平原和三江平原等地；7种玉米及其组合类型占比超过三分之二，累积比例增长3.7%，主要分布在东北的中西部，是该地区的主要种植作物；5种大豆及其组合类型累积比例减少4.2%，空间上发生了显著的置换，由散布在三省的格局迅速北移集中于黑龙江；7种小麦及其组合类型累积比例从26.82%降为3.17%，是变化最为显著的种植结构类型，现有少量集中于黑龙江嫩江附近。再次，3种种植结构类型变化较多，一是由开垦耕地带来的新类型，占所有变化类型比例为20.91%，特别是黑龙江省拓荒带来的大规模水稻种植；二是单一作物型变化为两种或以上作物类型组合，占比为34.90%，组合作物主要为水稻和大豆；三是多种作物组合型变为单一作物型，将种植结构类型集聚，占比为41.36%，主要为玉米种植区的调整。【结论】过去30年种植结构类型变化规律为种植结构类型分布受玉米和大豆主导，其中大豆空间转移至黑龙江，水稻正成为东北地区重要种植类型，而小麦则持续萎缩至局部地区，种植结构类型变化趋势将以玉米、大豆和水稻为主，单一化趋势显著。种植结构调整方向应从减少单一玉米型和增加水稻和大豆组合型入手。

关键词: 农作物格局, 种植结构类型, 时空变化, 像元尺度, 东北地区

Abstract: 【Objective】 The aim of this study is to investigate the spatio-temporal changes of cropping types in Northeast China since 1980. 【Method】 In this study, the SPAM-China model was used to simulate the spatial information of crop distribution by 10 km pixel. A new definition of cropping type was used in this study that is over 30% or rank in top three in pixel per crop. And spatial analysis method was used to analyze the cropping pattern and transfer matrix method was employed to detect the variation of cropping types. 【Result】 The results indicate that (1) priority choice of crop in this region has shifted from corn＞soybean＞wheat＞rice to corn＞soybean＞rice＞wheat since 2000. (2)In the past thirty years, 14 kinds of cropping types were found in Northeast. The proportion of six kinds of rice types increased from 8.30% to 18.64%, which was distributed in Liaohe Plain, Songnen Plain and Sanjiang Plain etc. Seven kinds of maize types accounted for over 60%, which was the most common crop in central and west of NEC. Five kinds of soybean types reduced by 4.2%, which has shifted from a dispersal pattern to a concentrated pattern and was located in Heilongjiang province. The proportion of seven kinds of wheat types dropped from 26.82% to 3.17% and it was the most significant change type in the structure of cropping system. Now, only a few pixels are distributed in Nenjiang, Heilongjiang province. (3) Three changes of cropping types were classified by crop transition, reclaimed land planted with new crops accounted for 20.91%, and the main planted crop is rice; single cropping type changed to two or more crops combination type, accounting for 34.90%, most of the crops are rice and soybean; the combination of cropping types changed to single cropping types accounted for 41.36%, large part from maize planting area. 【Conclusion】 Over the past 30 years, corn and soybean played a dominant role in the spatial variation of cropping types, and rice has become an important type of crop, meanwhile, the planting area of wheat was reduced in many regions and now is only confined in Nenjiang. There is also a phenomenon that soybean shift from south of Northeast to north. Cropping structure adjustment could be firstly started from reducing single corn type and increasing soybean and rice combination, which is a basic way to understand food security and food supply pattern. These findings will supply support for decision-making in agricultural structure adjustment and adaptation to climate change in Northeast China.

Key words: crop pattern, cropping types, temporal and spatial change, pixels scale, Northeast China

刘珍环，唐鹏钦，范玲玲，杨鹏，吴文斌. 1980—2010年东北地区种植结构时空变化特征[J]. 中国农业科学, 2016, 49(21): 4107-4119.

LIU Zhen-huan, TANG Peng-qin, FAN Ling-ling, YANG Peng, WU Wen-bin. Spatio-Temporal Changes of Cropping Types in Northeast China During 1980-2010[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2016, 49(21): 4107-4119.

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