再生稻产量形成特点与关键调控技术研究进展

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.09.04

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 发展再生稻是充分利用秋季光热资源,提高稻田产出效益的一条重要途经。根据已报道资料，结合笔者20余年的研究结果，综述了再生稻产量形成特点及关键调控技术研究进展。主要内容包括:（1）头季稻中上部节的再生穗抽穗期比下部抽穗早、着生叶片数少、出叶速度快、生育期短、穗子小、成穗率和结实率较高。头季稻抽穗后光合物质主要供给穗部籽粒灌浆结实，分配给再生芽生长利用的光合物质极少，是齐穗后大量再生芽开始死亡的机理所在；改善头季稻抽穗期间植株行间的光照条件对再生芽生长的促进作用，必须在一定光合物质供给基础上才能显现。头季稻齐穗后品种间再生力取决于头季稻的叶粒比，强再生力品种头季稻单位颖花的绿叶面积占有量较大，其光合产物满足头季稻高产之后剩余量较多，对再生稻高产提供了重要的物质基础，杂交组合间再生力与穗粒数呈极显著负相关关系。（2）水稻品种再生力可分为4级，头季稻及再生稻两季高产品种的库源特征：穗粒数160—190粒、叶粒重比0.0737—0.0827 cm²·mg^-1、有效穗232.12—249.40万/hm²、结实率81.54%—85.74%、千粒重28.58—30.07 g、单穗重4.13—4.43 g。（3）促芽肥提高再生力的作用，是通过施氮延缓了头季稻生长后期绿叶衰老速度，提高母茎叶片全氮含量及其净光合速率，增加叶片当时的光合产物向头季稻穗部输入比例，减少先期贮藏于母茎鞘中光合产物向穗部输入量，相对地提高了母茎鞘干物重而增强再生力。促芽肥对再生稻的作用效果在品种间的表现不尽相同，头季稻穗粒数较多的大穗型品种要提早施用促芽肥并增加施用量，才能获得较高的再生稻产量。利用杂交中稻齐穗期剑叶叶绿素计读数（SPAD值）可预测再生稻促芽肥高效施用量；通过防治纹枯病保护头季稻基部叶片和适度烤田提高根系活力，是再生稻高产的重要保证；头季稻收获期的成熟度与再生力呈极显著正相关，以头季稻完熟期再生芽开始破鞘现青时收割头季稻为宜，留桩高度以保留倒2节并高出5—7 cm处割苗即可。（4）针对目前再生稻生产上存在的主要制约因素，即再生稻开花期的低温危害、再生稻大面积产量不平衡和机械收获头季稻对再生稻生产的不利影响，提出了相应的对策与解决途经。（5）提出再生稻理论与技术的研究重点，包括“生态与农艺措施对头季稻后期冠层性状与再生芽生长的多因素互作机制”、“头季稻收割后再生芽停滞于母茎鞘中的原因及其调控途径”、“提高再生稻氮肥利用效率的技术途径”和“适应机械插秧与机械收割的杂交水稻-再生稻配套技术”4个方面。

关键词: 杂交水稻, 再生力, 产量形成, 调控技术

Abstract: The development of ratooning rice is a vital way to achieve a full utilization of the solar-thermal resources in autumn, and promote the profit of rice field. On the basis of the reported data and the research results of the author’s study for more than 20 years, the research reviews and the research progress of yield formation mechanism and key control techniques of ratooning rice were summarized. The main results include that: (1) Compared with the lower regeneration buds, the mid-upper regeneration buds of main crop had an earlier heading date, a fewer number of leaves, a faster speed of leaf emergence, shorter growth period, higher bearing panicle rate and grain filing percentage. The mechanism of a large number of regeneration buds’death after full heading of main crop was mainly due to main photosynthate allocation to grains and fewer to regeneration buds during the main crop grain filling period. Regeneration bud growth depends upon not only the improved light condition at the base of main crop plant population, but also the biomass supply. The difference in ratooning ability among cultivars varied with the leaf-grain ratio of main crop. The higher the leaf-grain ratio at heading stage, the more the photosynthetic matter remained in the basic stems for ratooning rice growing at harvesting date of main crop, as a consequence, the better ratooning ability was gained as well. There was a high and significant negative correlation between the ratooning ability and the spikelets per panicle among varieties. (2) The ratooning ability could be divided into 4 stages based on the sink-source characteristics of the main crop and grain yield of ratooning rice. The high-yielding cultivars for main crop and ratooning rice would have the following sink-source traits:160-190 spikelets per panicle, the ratio of leaf area to grain weight 0.0737-0.0827 cm² per mg, panicles 232.12×10⁴-249.40×10⁴per ha, grain filling percentage 81.54%-85.74%, 1000-grain weight 28.58-30.07 g, and grain weight 4.13-4.43 g per panicle. (3) The reason why N applying for bud development (NABD) was beneficial to increasing grain yield of ratooning rice is that N application delayed the functional leaves senescence of main crop at the late grain filling stage, improved nitrogen content of leaf and net photosynthetic rate of main crop, increased ratio of leaf photosynthetic products flowing into panicle, reduced the amount of photosynthetic products from initial storage in main stem input panicle, relatively improved stem-sheath dry weight and enhanced ratooning ability of main crop. The difference of the effects of NABD on ratooning rice varied with rice cultivars. By applying more NABD at an earlier stage, for the main crop with large panicle (higher spikelets per panicle), the grain yield of ratooning rice could be increased. The optimum date of NABD is about at full heading of the main crop. The method of estimation of efficient rate of NABD using chlorophyll meter reading (SPAD value) of flag leaf at the full heading stage of main crop in mid-season hybrid rice was found. The protection basal leaves of main crop by controlling sheath blight and enhancing root activity through reduction of paddy soil moisture posed an important assurance of high yield for ratooning rice. There was a significant and positive correlation between ripe degrees of main crop and ratooning ability. The optimum harvesting date is at complete ripe date for grains of main crop. The appropriate height for cutting seedlings is at 5-7 cm above 2nd node from the top of mother stem. (4) Aiming at the main factors restraining ratooning rice production, for example, lower temperature at heading stage of ratooning rice, a big yield gap existed among ratooning rice production areas, and the bad effect that machine harvesting main crop had on ratooning rice production, solutions to above the problems were put forward accordingly. (5) The research focus on theory and technology of ratooning rice in the future was pointed out. First, multi-factor interaction mechanism of ecological conditions and agronomic practices on canopy characteristics after full heading stage of main crop and regeneration bud growth. Second, the main cause of regeneration bud stagnation after main crop harvesting and its regulation approach. Third, the technology approach for improving nitrogen use efficiency of ratooning rice. Fourth, the study on the techniques of hybrid rice-ratooning rice’s adaption to machinery transplanting and harvesting.

Key words: hybrid rice, ratooning ability, yield formation, regulation technology

徐富贤，熊洪，张林，朱永川，蒋鹏，郭晓艺，刘茂. 再生稻产量形成特点与关键调控技术研究进展[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(9): 1702-1717.

XU Fu-xian, XIONG Hong, ZHANG Lin, ZHU Yong-chuan, JIANG Peng, GUO Xiao-yi, LIU Mao. Progress in Research of Yield Formation of Ratooning Rice and Its High-Yielding Key Regulation Technologies[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(9): 1702-1717.

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