三叶草斑潜蝇幼期密度效应及其与美洲斑潜蝇的种间竞争

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.21.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】研究三叶草斑潜蝇（Liriomyza trifolii）卵密度和幼虫密度对其生长发育的影响，探索其种内竞争的密度效应；明确三叶草斑潜蝇与美洲斑潜蝇（L. sativae）在不同1龄幼虫密度下，各自幼虫对食物资源的竞争能力，探索两种斑潜蝇之间的种间竞争取代机制。【方法】在实验室饲养条件下，用针刺死三叶草斑潜蝇多余的卵和幼虫，使其形成不同的卵密度梯度和1龄幼虫密度梯度，再继续培养。根据相关文献判定昆虫各种致死因子是否存在密度依存性的方法，令N₁为该因子作用前的虫口数，N₂为该因子作用后的虫口数。以lgN₁为因变量，lgN₂为自变量，求回归系数，再以lgN₁为自变量，lgN₂为因变量，求回归系数。如果这两条直线在b=1的等分线一侧，则认为作用于N₁→N₂之间的因子为密度依存因子，如果这两条直线在b=1的等分线两侧，则不认为是密度有关因子。选取美洲斑潜蝇和三叶草斑潜蝇各1、2和3对成虫，在固定叶片面积上产卵24 h后，形成不同的卵和幼虫密度，统计后代中两种斑潜蝇的生长状况，分析卵密度和1龄幼虫密度对种间竞争取代的影响。【结果】三叶草斑潜蝇卵期不存在密度效应，卵密度对卵的存活、生长发育以及发育速率均没有显著影响，实验室饲养条件下三叶草斑潜蝇卵存活率均在91%以上；幼虫期存在明显的密度制约效应，幼虫密度对幼虫的存活率、平均蛹重、化蛹率、羽化率、成虫寿命和单雌产卵量均有显著的影响。在寄主植物矮生菜豆上，三叶草斑潜蝇1龄幼虫密度超过0.87头/cm²时，幼虫死亡率上升，平均蛹重减少，化蛹率和羽化率降低，成虫寿命缩短且繁殖力下降。1龄幼虫密度对三叶草斑潜蝇幼虫和蛹的发育速率没有影响，对羽化成虫的雌性比也没有影响；卵密度对两种斑潜蝇各自的竞争力没有影响，不同卵密度下两种斑潜蝇总的孵化率均在94.25%以上。两种斑潜蝇的幼虫密度越高种间竞争越激烈，在幼虫密度较低时，两种斑潜蝇子代数量相当，幼虫密度较高时，三叶草斑潜蝇子代数量明显的高于美洲斑潜蝇的子代数量。【结论】三叶草斑潜蝇卵密度对其种群消长没有显著影响，1龄幼虫密度过高时种内竞争激烈，对其试验种群的增长有很大的抑制作用。与美洲斑潜蝇相比，三叶草斑潜蝇幼虫的种间竞争能力更大，主要原因是三叶草斑潜蝇的幼虫比美洲斑潜蝇的幼虫拥有更强的抗拥挤能力、适应环境恶化的能力以及对食物资源的占有能力。

关键词: 三叶草斑潜蝇, 美洲斑潜蝇, 密度制约, 种间竞争

Abstract: 【Objective】The objective of this study is to determine how the density of Liriomyza trifolii eggs and larvae affect its growth and development, explore its density effect of intraspecific competition. In addition, the competition ability for food between L. trifolii and L. sativae larvae under different densities of 1st instar larvae were preliminarily described, and the replacing mechanism about interspecific competition between the two leafminer species was explored.【Method】The extra eggs and larvae of leafminers which were raised in laboratory were killed with needle, so as to form the different egg and 1st instar larvae density gradients, then the remaining leafminers were raised. According to the method of judging the lethal factor of insect whether existed density dependence, N₁ was used as individual numbers before the lethal factor acting on, N₂ was used as individual numbers after the lethal factor acting on. Moreover, lgN₁ as a dependent variable and lgN₂ as an independent variable, then the regression coefficient was calculated, while lgN₁ as an independent variable, lgN₂ as a dependent variable, the regression coefficient was calculated again. If this two straight lines were located in the one side of bisectrix b=1, the factors acted on N₁→N₂ were density dependent factors. Whereas if this two straight lines were located in two sides of the bisectrix b=1, this factor was not considered as a density related factor. By selecting one pair, two pairs and three pairs of adults of L. trifolii and L. sativae, and they were put on the fixed blade for 24 hours for spawn, in order to form different egg and larvae densities. Then the growth status of two leafminer species offspring was estimated, and the effect of different egg and 1st instar larvae densities on interspecific competition replacement was also analyzed. 【Result】 There was no density effect in L. trifolii during its egg stage, and the survival, growth and development rates were not significantly affected by egg density. Moreover, the survival rate of L. trifolii was above 91% under laboratory conditions. However, there was an obvious density effect at larval stage, in particular, the larvae density had significantly impacts on the survival rate of larvae, average weight of pupae, pupation rate, eclosion rate, lifetime of adults and egg laying amount of single female. When the 1st instar larvae density was larger than 0.87/cm² on the host plants of dwarf bean, larvae mortality was increased, the average weight of pupae, pupation and eclosion rates were reduced, the lifetime of adults and reproductive ability were also reduced. While the density of 1st instar larvae had no effect on the development rate of larvae and pupae, the female proportion of eclosion adults. In addition, the density during egg stage had no effect on the competitiveness of the two kinds of leafminers, the general hatching rate of the two kinds of leafminers under different densities were all above 94.25%. The higher larvae density led to the drastic interspecific competition. When the density of the two insects was low, their offspring numbers were similar. While the offspring numbers of L. trifolii was remarkably larger than the L. sativae when the density was high. 【Conclusion】 The egg density of L. trifolii had no significant effect on their population amounts. However, the higher 1st instar larvae density led to strong intraspecific competition, while it would refrain the growth of L. trifolii population. Compared with L. sativae, the interspecific competition ability of L. trifolii was much stronger, because the L. trifolii larvae have variable abilities to resist crowd, adapt for the aggravated environment and occupy food resources.

Key words: Liriomyza trifolii, Liriomyza sativae;density restriction, interspecific competition

益浩，王凯歌，张林雅，雷仲仁，罗宏伟，廉振民，周国启. 三叶草斑潜蝇幼期密度效应及其与美洲斑潜蝇的种间竞争[J]. 中国农业科学, 2014, 47(21): 4269-4279.

YI Hao, WANG Kai-ge, ZHANG Lin-ya, LEI Zhong-ren, LUO Hong-wei, LIAN Zhen-min, ZHOU Guo-qi. Density-Dependent Effect of Liriomyza trifolii at Immature Stage and Interspecific Competition with Liriomyza sativae[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2014, 47(21): 4269-4279.

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