无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿在（1:1）混播中的竞争与共存

doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2015.18.020

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 【目的】在豆科与禾本科牧草混播草地中不仅存在种内竞争也存在种间竞争，由于不同植物之间竞争力强弱不同，竞争的结果将出现一方逐渐消退，另一方逐渐占据优势的现象，因此研究豆科与禾本科牧草之间竞争与共存机制对于维持混播草地稳定高产具有重要意义。【方法】在温室栽培条件下设置3个氮肥水平（0, 75, 150 kg N·hm^-2，记作N0, N75, N150）以及单播和混播两种种植模式（无芒雀麦单播，紫花苜蓿单播，无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿1﹕1混播），采用相对生物量（RY）、相对密度（RD）、竞争率（CR）和相对产量总值（RYT）以及紫花苜蓿的固氮比例（%Ndfa）和转氮比例（%N Trans）等指标研究无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿在1﹕1混播中的竞争关系与共存机制。【结果】施氮量从0增加到150 kg N·hm^-2，单播中无芒雀麦的地上和地下生物量和分蘖数显著增加（P＜0.05），而紫花苜蓿的地上和地下生物量和分枝数无显著变化（P＞0.05）。在混播中无芒雀麦的地上和地下生物量和分蘖数也显著增加（P＜0.05），在一定程度上抑制了紫花苜蓿的生物量和分枝数。另外，在混播中无芒雀麦以增加分蘖数的方式来扩张地上空间的能力要强于紫花苜蓿。无芒雀麦的单株生物量和分蘖数在混播模式下都极显著高于单播（P＜0.01），而紫花苜蓿的单株生物量和分枝数在混播模式下极显著低于单播（P＜0.01）。在混播中无芒雀麦的竞争率始终大于1.0，而紫花苜蓿的竞争率始终小于1.0，这说明无芒雀麦的竞争力要大于紫花苜蓿的竞争力，且在整个生育期中，无芒雀麦的竞争力逐渐减弱，而紫花苜蓿的竞争力逐渐增强。在N0处理下，第2次、第3次和第4次取样时，无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿的相对产量总值（RYT）显著大于1.0（P＜0.05），说明无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿无明显的竞争效应，这主要归功于紫花苜蓿的生物固氮对无芒雀麦的贡献（地上部转移的氮素占无芒雀麦氮素含量的15.26%—29.92%）。在N75和N150处理下，其RYT值与1.0无显著差异（P＞0.05）。另外，施入氮肥明显抑制了紫花苜蓿的生物固氮比例和对无芒雀麦的氮素转移的比例，导致混播中无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿同时竞争土壤氮素和肥料氮。【结论】施入75和150 kg N·hm^-2的氮肥增强了无芒雀麦的竞争力，而抑制了紫花苜蓿的生物固氮和对无芒雀麦氮素的转移，二者促进作用减弱，竞争效应增强。

关键词: 无芒雀麦, 紫花苜蓿, 单播, 混播, 种内竞争, 种间竞争, 生物固氮

Abstract: 【Objective】 The relationship between intraspecific competition and interspecific competition simultaneously exists in mixture of legume and grass, the results of the competition led to the phenomenon that one species will be fade, the other will be a dominant gradually due to difference of the competitiveness of different plants. It is of great significance to study the mechanism of competition and coexistence between legume and grass to maintain stable and high yield in mixture grassland. 【Method】A pot experiment was conducted to examine the effects of variable rates of nitrogen application (0, 75, 150 kg N·hm^-2), hereafter referred as N0, N75, N150, on competition of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), Smooth brome (Bromus inermis Layss.) in monoculture, alfalfa and smooth brome in mixture (1:1), with indicators including the relative biomass (RY), relative density (RD), competitive ratio (CR), relative yield total (RYT), percentage of atmospheric N₂ fixation (%Ndfa) and percentage of N transferred (%N Trans), to study the mechanism of competition and coexistence in mixcure of smooth brome and alfalfa. 【Result】 The results showed that with increasing of N application (from 0 to 150 kg·hm^-2), the above-ground and below-ground biomass and tiller number of smooth brome significantly increased (P＜0.05), and there was no significant difference in the above-ground and below-ground biomass and branch number of alfalfa there was no significant in monoculture (P＞0.05). The above-ground and below-ground biomass and tiller number of smooth brome increased, which in a certain extent inhibited biomass and branch number of alfalfa in mixture (P＜0.05). The ability of smooth brome expand above-ground space by means of increase its tiller number was stronger than that of alfalfa in mixture. The above-ground and below-ground biomass and tiller number of individual smooth brome were significantly higher in mixcure than in monoculture regardless of N application (P＜0.05), but that of alfalfa were the opposite (P＜0.05). The competitive ratio of smooth brome in mixture was always greater than 1.0 while the competitive rate of alfalfa was always less than 1.0, which means that the competitiveness of smooth brome was stronger than that of alfalfa, and in the whole growth period, the competitiveness of smooth brome would gradually weak, and the competitiveness of alfalfa increased. At second, third and fourth sampling in the N0 treatment, the relative yield total (RYT) of smooth brome and alfalfa in mixture was significantly greater than 1.0 (P＜0.05), which means that there was no obvious effect of competition between smooth brome and alfalfa, and it was mainly attributed to the biological nitrogen fixation of alfalfa's contribution to smooth brome. RYT of smooth brome and alfalfa in mixture showed no significant differences with 1.0 in N75 and N150 treatments(P＞0.05). In addition, application of N fertilizer significantly inhibited the proportion of N₂ fixation of alfalfa and N transfer from smooth to alfalfa, forcing alfalfa compete for soil N and fertilizer N with smooth brome. 【Conclusion】 Applied N fertilizer at 75 and 150 kg N·hm^-2 enhanced the competitiveness of smooth brome, and inhibited the proportion of biological nitrogen fixation of alfalfa and nitrogen transfer form alfalfa to smooth brome, diminished the promotion effect and enhanced competition effect of the two.

Key words: smooth brome (Bromus inermis Layss.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), monocalture, minture, intraspecific competition, interspecific competition, biological nitrogen fixation

谢开云，张英俊，李向林，何峰，万里强，王栋，秦燕. 无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿在（1:1）混播中的竞争与共存[J]. 中国农业科学, 2015, 48(18): 3767-3778.

XIE Kai-yun, ZHANG Ying-jun, LI Xiang-lin, HE Feng, WAN Li-qiang, WANG Dong, QIN Yan. Competition and Coexistence of Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and Smooth Brome (Bromus inermis Layss.) in Mixture[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2015, 48(18): 3767-3778.

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