中国农业科学 ›› 2010, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (19): 3988-3996 .doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2010.19.011

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

成都平原不同耕作模式的农田效应研究 I.对土壤性状及作物产量的影响

梁淑敏,谢瑞芝,汤永禄,杨锦忠,李朝苏,王灵便,吴春,李少昆

  

  1. (山西农业大学农学院)
  • 收稿日期:2010-06-27 修回日期:2010-08-03 出版日期:2010-10-01 发布日期:2010-10-01
  • 通讯作者: 李少昆

Effects of Tillage Systems on Fields in Chengdu Plain I. The Effects of Tillage Systems on Soil Properties and Crop Yields

LIANG Shu-min, XIE Rui-zhi, TANG Yong-lu, YANG Jin-zhong, LI Chao-su,WANG Ling-bian, WU Chun, LI Shao-kun
  

  1. (山西农业大学农学院)
  • Received:2010-06-27 Revised:2010-08-03 Online:2010-10-01 Published:2010-10-01
  • Contact: LI Shao-kun

摘要:

【目的】通过研究不同耕作模式对土壤性状及产量的影响,为成都平原主导耕作模式的筛选和调控技术提供理论依据。【方法】采用长期定位试验的方法,通过5年对5个处理[CK:麦稻双旋(WRCT)、麦免+稻旋 (WNRCT)、麦稻双免(WRNT)、麦稻垄作(WRRT)、麦免+稻旋+秋作(WNRCVNT)]的大田试验研究,系统分析耕作模式对土壤性状和作物产量的影响。【结果】不同耕作模式对土壤性状的影响各不相同:与对照相比,单免和双免耕处理降低了0-10 cm土层的容重,增加了10-20 cm土层的土壤容重;增加了土壤的小孔隙、小孔隙的比例及0-10 cm土层的大孔隙,降低了10-20 cm的大孔隙,使土壤孔径分布得到改善。耕作措施对土壤吸湿水和土壤比重影响差异不显著,免耕降低了土壤比重。双免使土壤的渗水速率增加,不利于水稻生长,但单免能促进水稻生长。与对照相比,单免和双免耕秸秆覆盖增加了土壤有机质,降低了0-10 cm土层的碱性,但增加了10-20 cm土层的碱性。双免耕定位5年,增加了小麦产量,但大幅降低了水稻的产量。与此相反,单免则有利于小麦和水稻共同增产。【结论】免耕形成了“上松下紧”的土壤结构,改变了土壤的通透性,尤其是在10-20 cm,打破了传统耕作的犁底层。但免耕对土壤结构的改变对小麦和水稻的产量影响并不一致:长期双免耕能促进小麦增产,但对水稻生长和产量不利。

关键词: 成都平原, 耕作模式, 土壤性状, 作物产量

Abstract:

【Objective】 In order to provide a theoretical basis for the main tillage systems and control technology of Chengdu plain, the effects of different tillages on soil properties and yield were compared. 【Method】 Based on long-term experiments, 5 years of field trials were carried and the tillages on crop yield and soil properties and their relationship were analysed. The five treatments were wheat and rice conventional tillage (WRCT); wheat no-tillage and rice conventional tillage (WNRCT); wheat and rice no-tillage (WRNT); wheat and rice ridge tillage (WRRT); wheat no-tillage and rice conventional tillage and autumn vegetable no-tillage (WNRCVNT).【Result】 The effects of different tillage systems on soil properties were different: Compared with the control, single and double no-tillage all reduced soil bulk density of the 0-10 cm layer, increased that of the 10-20 cm layer; which increased the small soil porosity, and increased the big soil porosity of the 0-10 cm layer, while increased the proportion of small pores, decreased the big soil porosity of the 10-20 cm layer, which improved the soil pore size distribution. It was not significantly different in soil specific gravity and soil hygroscopic water between tillage treatments. No-tillage decreased the soil specific gravity. The seepage rate of soil was increased too, which was not good for rice growth. No-tillage increased the soil organic. No-tillage straw mulching reduced alkalescence of the 0-10 cm soil layer, but increased alkalescence of the 10-20 cm soil layer. The average yield of five years showed that no-tillage increased wheat production, but significantly reduced rice production. 【Conclusion】 No-tillage resulted in the formation of “loose above and compact below” soil structure, which changed the soil permeability. Especially in the 10-20 cm, it broke the traditional plowpan. But no-tillage changed the soil structure which the effects on wheat and rice yield is not consistent. Under the same conditions, no-tillage is beneficial to increase wheat yield, but it is negative to rice growth and yield. The reason mainly due to no-tillage increased the rates of soil water seepage, and it caused leakage of water and nutrients seriously.

Key words: Chengdu Plain, tillage systems, soil properties, crop yield