中国农业科学 ›› 2009, Vol. 42 ›› Issue (2): 569-576 .doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2009.02.023

• 土壤肥料·节水灌溉·农业生态环境 • 上一篇    下一篇

退耕还林(草)和降雨变化对延河流域土壤侵蚀的影响

  

  1. 湖南农业大学资源与环境学院
  • 收稿日期:2008-01-22 修回日期:2008-04-08 出版日期:2009-02-10 发布日期:2009-02-10
  • 通讯作者: 李锐

Effect of Returning Farmland to Forest (Pasture) and Changes of Precipitation on Soil Erosion in the Yanhe Basin

  1. 湖南农业大学资源与环境学院
  • Received:2008-01-22 Revised:2008-04-08 Online:2009-02-10 Published:2009-02-10
  • Contact: LI Rui

摘要:

【目的】通过定量评估退耕还林(草)和降雨变化对延河流域土壤侵蚀的影响,为延河流域水土保持效益评价、流失治理和环境建设提供决策参考。【方法】利用延河流域日降雨、数字高程模型、土壤类型图、土地利用图和植被覆盖图,运用RUSLE模型,在ArcGIS平台的支持下计算流域1997年和2000年土壤侵蚀量,并分别模拟了退耕还林(草)和气候变化对土壤侵蚀的影响。【结果】由于降雨的变化,研究区年降雨侵蚀力均值由1997年的775.32 MJ?mm?hm-2?h-1?a-1增加到了2000年的1292.07 MJ?mm?hm-2?h-1?a-1,降雨大大加剧了流域土壤侵蚀;由于退耕还林(草)政策的实施,坡耕地面积大大减少,林草面积增加,植被覆盖和管理因子值显著减少,由退耕还林(草)前的0.1714下降到了退耕还林(草)后0.1592,减小了流域土壤侵蚀;由于退耕还林(草)的实施、气候变化以及水土保持工程措施和耕作措施变化共同影响,单位面积平均土壤侵蚀量由退耕还林(草)前的3 012 t?km-2?a-1增加到了退耕还林(草)后4 671 t?km-2?a-1,年土壤侵蚀总量2314×104 t增加到了3589×104 t。【结论】降雨变化使得研究区土壤侵蚀量增加了71.28%,退耕还林(草)约减少研究区土壤侵蚀量7.84%,二者共同作用使得研究区土壤侵蚀量增加了59.26%,退耕还林(草)政策的实施对减少区域土壤侵蚀的作用是显著的。

关键词: 土壤侵蚀, 退耕还林(草), 降雨变化, 延河流域

Abstract:

【Objective】The aim of this study is to provide some references for decrease of soil loss and for improvement of ecological environment in Yanhe Basin of Loess Plateau by quantitatively assessing effect of returning farmland to forest (pasture) and changes of precipitation on soil erosion. 【Method】 The daily precipitation data from 35 gauges in the period of 1950-2000, soil type map, a digital elevation model (DEM), land use maps based on the interpretation of Landsat TM images acquired in 1997 and 2000 and NDVI maps from the images were used. The RUSLE was used as a model to calculate the unit soil loss and some suitable methods were also used to calculate the value of each erosion factor. Finally, the factor values and soil loss were calculated, the maps of the factor values and soil loss in each spatial unit were obtained. 【Result】 Firstly, the rainfall factor R value changed significantly from 775.32 MJ?mm?hm-2?h-1?a-1 in 1997 to 1 292.07 MJ?mm?hm-2?h-1?a-1 in 2000 primarily because of the change of precipitation. Secondly, the combined effect of the changes of slope cropland to forest land, pasture and the change in precipitation and the changes of the practice of engineering and tillage resulted in soil loss increased from 3 012 t?km-2?a-1 in 1997 to 4 671 t?km-2?a-1 in 2000. Thirdly, the C factor value which was defined by the land use and vegetation cover was 0.1714 before the change of slope cropland to forest land and pasture and 0.1592 after the change of slope cropland to forest land and pasture. The changes of C factor value resulted in the decrease of soil loss in this basin.【Conclusion】Returning from slope cropland to forest or pasture by itself decreased soil loss by 7.84%, whereas the precipitation itself increased soil loss by close to 71.28%, but both together increased soil loss by 59.26%. The effect of returning of the slope cropland to forest or pasture is obvious in decreasing soil loss.

Key words: soil erosion, change of slope cropland to forest land and pasture, precipitation change, Yanhe Basin