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Phylogenetic and epidemiological characteristics of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in Shandong Province, China from 2019 to 2021

ZHAO Yi-ran, ZHAO Yu-zhong, LIU Si-dang, XIAO Yi-hong, LI Ning, LIU Kui-hao, MENG Fan-liang, ZHAO Jun, LIU Meng-da, LI Bao-quan

2023, 22 (3): 881-896. DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.114

Abstract （239） PDF in ScienceDirect

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has widely circulated in poultry worldwide and sporadic infections in humans and mammals. During our surveillance of chicken from 2019 to 2021 in Shandong Province, China, we isolated 11 H9N2 AIVs. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the eight gene segments of the 11 isolates were closely related to several sublineages of Eurasian lineage: BJ/94-like clades (HA and NA genes), G1-like clades (PB2 and M genes), and SH/F/98-like clades (PB1, PA, NP and NS genes). The isolates showed mutation sites that preferentially bind to human-like receptors (HA) and mammalian fitness sites (PB2, PB1 and PA), as well as mutations in antigen and drug resistance sites. Moreover, studies with mice revealed four isolates with varying levels of pathogenicity. The average antibody titer of the H9N2 AIVs was 8.60 log2. Based on our results, the epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 AIVs should be strengthened.

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Development of a high-efficiency sex pheromone formula to control Euproctis pseudoconspersa

LI Zhao-qun, YUAN Ting-ting, CUI Shao-wei, ZHAO Ying-jie, SHAO Yuan-hai, SHANG Jian-nong, LUO Zong-xiu, CAI Xiao-ming, BIAN Lei, CHEN Zong-mao

2023, 22 (1): 195-201. DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.113

Abstract （279） PDF in ScienceDirect

The tea tussock moth (Euproctis pseudoconspersa) is one of the most destructive chewing pests in tea plantations and causes a serious allergic reaction on the skin of tea plantation workers. The sex pheromone components of its Japanese population were first identified as 10,14-dimethylpentadecyl isobutyrate (10Me14Me-15:iBu) and 14-methylpentadecyl isobutyrate (14Me-15:iBu), with a stereogenic center. Only 10Me14Me-15:iBu has been identified in the Chinese E. pseudoconspersa population. However, field tests have shown that 10Me14Me-15:iBu cannot meet the demand of effective pest control in China. To develop a high-efficiency E. pseudoconspersa sex pheromone formula, electroantennogram (EAG) recordings of (S)- and (R)-enantiomers of 10Me14Me-15:iBu and 14Me-15:iBu were obtained in the present study. The results demonstrated that the EAG responses of male antennae to (R)-enantiomers were significantly higher than responses to the (S)-enantiomers, and 14Me-15:iBu also elicited EAG activity. Field tests showed that the catch numbers of male moths by (R)-enantiomers were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of (S)-enantiomers. Addition of 14Me-15:iBu significantly increased the catch numbers of both the (S)- and (R)-enantiomers. The efficient pheromone formula containing 0.75 mg (R)-10Me14Me-15:iBu and 0.1 mg 14Me-15:iBu showed significantly higher attractiveness than commercial pheromone products. Our study demonstrated that (R)-10Me14Me-15:iBu was the major sex pheromone component of E. pseudoconspersa, and 14Me-15:iBu might be the minor sex pheromone component. Furthermore, a high-efficiency sex pheromone formula for E. pseudoconspersa control was defined in this study.

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Antioxidant lignans sesamin and sesamolin in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.): a comprehensive review and future prospects

Senouwa Segla Koffi DOSSOU, XU Fang-tao, Komivi DOSSA, ZHOU Rong, ZHAO Ying-zhong, WANG Lin-hai

2023, 22 (1): 14-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.08.097

Abstract （274） PDF in ScienceDirect

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is a significantly lucrative cash crop for millions of small-holder farmers. Its seeds are an important source of a highly appreciated vegetable oil globally and two clinically essential antioxidant lignans, sesamin and sesamolin. Accordingly, many countries import millions of tons of sesame seed every year. The demand for lignan-rich sesame seeds has been increasing in recent years due to the continuous discovery of several pharmacological attributes of sesamin and sesamolin. To meet this demand, the sesame breeder’s primary objective is to release sesame cultivars that are enriched in oil and lignans. Thus, it is necessary to summarize the information related to the sesamin and sesamolin contents in sesame in order to promote the joint efforts of specialized research teams on this important oilseed crop. In this article, we present the current knowledge on the sesamin and sesamolin contents in S. indicum L. with respect to the updated biosynthesis pathway, associated markers, governing loci, available variability in sesame germplasm, the in planta potential roles of these compounds in sesame, and the newly discovered pharmacological attributes. In addition, we propose and discuss some required studies that might facilitate genomics-assisted breeding of high lignan content sesame varieties.

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Identification of candidate genes related to soluble sugar contents in soybean seeds using multiple genetic analyses

PAN Wen-jing, HAN Xue, HUANG Shi-yu, YU Jing-yao, ZHAO Ying, QU Ke-xin, ZHANG Ze-xin, YIN Zhen-gong, QI Hui-dong, YU Guo-long, ZHANG Yong, XIN Da-wei, ZHU Rong-sheng, LIU Chun-yan, WU Xiao-xia, JIANG Hong-wei, HU Zhen-bang, ZUO Yu-hu, CHEN Qing-shan, QI Zhao-ming

2022, 21 (7): 1886-1902. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(21)63653-5

Abstract （268） PDF in ScienceDirect

Soluble sugar content in seeds is an important quality trait of soybean. In this study, 57 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to soluble sugar contents in soybean seeds were collected from databases and published papers. After meta-overview-collinearity integrated analysis to refine QTL intervals, eight consensus QTLs were identified. To further verify the consensus QTLs, a population of chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) was analyzed. Two lines containing fragments covering the regions of consensus QTLs and the recurrent parent were selected: one line showed high soluble sugar contents associated with a consensus QTL fragment, and the other line showed low soluble sugar contents. Transcriptome sequencing was conducted for these two lines at the early, middle, and late stages of seed development, which identified 158, 109 and 329 differentially expressed genes, respectively. Based on the analyses of re-sequencing data of the CSSLs and the consensus QTL region, three candidate genes (Glyma.19G146800, Glyma.19G122500, and Glyma.19G128500) were identified in the genetic fragments introduced from wild soybean. Sequence comparisons between the two CSSL parents SN14 and ZYD00006 revealed a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) mutation in the coding sequence of Glyma.19G122500, causing a non-synonymous mutation in the amino acid sequence that affected the predicted protein structure. A Kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) marker was developed based on this SNP and used to evaluate the CSSLs. These results lay the foundation for further research to identify genes related to soluble sugar contents in soybean seeds and for future soybean breeding.

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First record of the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), in Chinese mainland

CHEN Si-qi, ZHAO Yi, LU Yong-yue, RAN Hao, XU Yi-juan

2022, 21 (6): 1825-1829. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(22)63903-0

Abstract （1203） PDF in ScienceDirect

In January 2022, we received ant specimens collected from three field colonies from Shantou City, Guangdong Province, China. They were identified as the little fire ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, through morphological and molecular analyses. Wasmannia auropunctata is listed as one of the 100 most dangerous invasive species by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and has spread from its native range in South America to every continent except Antarctica. DNA analysis of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) in nine specimens of W. auropunctata found that they had a close genetic relationship with specimens from Argentina. This study represents the first formal record of the establishment of W. auropunctata outdoor in Chinese mainland. However, the invasion stage and occurrence degree of W. auropunctata in China are not clear to date. The implementation of quarantine measures, investigation of the occurrence and distribution, and development of monitoring and control strategies are needed to actively respond to the threat posed by this highly invasive ant.

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TaNF-YB11, a gene of NF-Y transcription factor family in Triticum aestivum, confers drought tolerance on plants via modulating osmolyte accumulation and reactive oxygen species homeostasis

ZHAO Ying-jia, ZHANG Yan-yang, BAI Xin-yang, LIN Rui-ze, SHI Gui-qing, DU Ping-ping, XIAO Kai

2022, 21 (11): 3114-3130. DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2022.07.058

Abstract （268） PDF in ScienceDirect

Transcription factors (TFs) regulate diverse stress defensive-associated physiological processes and plant stress responses. We characterized TaNF-YB11, a gene of the NF-YB TF family in Triticum aestivum, in mediating plant drought tolerance. TaNF-YB11 harbors the conserved domains specified by its NF-YB partners and targets the nucleus after the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) assortment. Yeast two-hybrid assay indicated the interactions of TaNF-YB11 with TaNF-YA2 and TaNF-YC3, two proteins encoded by genes in the NF-YA and NF-YC families, respectively. These results suggested that the heterotrimer established among them further regulated downstream genes at the transcriptional level. The transcripts of TaNF-YB11 were promoted in roots and leaves under a 27-h drought regime. Moreover, its upregulated expression levels under drought were gradually restored following a recovery treatment, suggesting its involvement in plant drought response. TaNF-YB11 conferred improved drought tolerance on plants; the lines overexpressing target gene displayed improved phenotype and biomass compared with wild type (WT) under drought treatments due to enhancement of stomata closing, osmolyte accumulation, and cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Knockdown expression of TaP5CS2, a P5CS family gene modulating proline biosynthesis that showed upregulated expression in drought-challenged TaNF-YB11 lines, alleviated proline accumulation of plants treated by drought. Likewise, TaSOD2 and TaCAT3, two genes encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) that were upregulated underlying TaNF-YB11 regulation, played critical roles in ROS homeostasis via regulating SOD and CAT activities. RNA-seq analysis revealed that numerous genes associated with processes of ‘cellular processes’, ‘environmental information processing’, ‘genetic information processing’, ‘metabolism’, and ‘organismal systems’ modified transcription under drought underlying control of TaNF-YB11. These results suggested that the TaNF-YB11-mediated drought response is possibly accomplished through the target gene in modifying gene transcription at the global level, which modulates complicated biological processes related to drought response. TaNF-YB11 is essential in plant drought adaptation and a valuable target for molecular breeding of drought-tolerant cultivars in T. aestivum.

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Susceptibility breakpoint for cefquinome against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from pigs

ZHANG Hui-lin, ZHAO Yi-yang, ZHOU Zi-chong, DING Huan-zhong

2021, 20 (7): 1921-1932. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(20)63572-9

Abstract （99） PDF in ScienceDirect

Cefquinome is the only fourth-generation cephalosporin used solely for veterinary applications. In this study, we established the wild-type cut-off (CO_WT) and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic cut-off (CO_PD) of cefquinome against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. A total of 210 E. coli and 160 S. aureus isolates were collected from pigs in Guangdong Province between 2014 and 2018. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using a microdilution broth method. MIC₅₀ and MIC₉₀ were 0.06 and 0.25 μg mL^–1 for E. coli and 0.5 and 1 μg mL^–1 for S. aureus, respectively. Statistical analysis and the ECOFFinder Program showed that the COWT for cefquinome against E. coli and S. aureus were 0.125 and 2 µg mL^–1, respectively. The resistance rates were 11.9% for E. coli and 6.25% for S. aureus. Based on a 5 000-subject Monte Carlo simulation, the CO_PD value for cefquinome against E. coil and S. aureus was 0.25 µg mL–¹ under the recommended dose (2 mg kg^–1, twice a day for 3 days), confirming that infections caused by strains with MIC≤0.25 μg mL^–1 could be effectively treated. Following adjustment of the dosing regimen to 4.5 mg kg^–1, effective treatment (>90) was achieved for S. aureus infections with MIC₉₀ 1 μg mL^–1. This susceptibility breakpoint determination is significant for resistant surveillance and cefquinome dosage guidance against E. coli and S. aureus in pigs.

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Do Improvements of living standards lead to growth of obesity? Evidence from Chinese adults

ZHAO Yin-yu, ZHENG Zhi-hao

2019, 18 (8): 1740-1752. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(19)62690-0

Abstract （151） PDF in ScienceDirect

This study estimates the impacts of income on body mass indices (BMIs) of male and female adults from both urban and rural areas in China under the neoclassic theory of obesity, using China Health and Nutrition Survey data during 1991–2011. Results of this study show that incomes has a significant inverted U-shaped impact on weight for both urban and rural males while having a negative effect on weight for urban females and positive effect on BMI for rural female, suggesting that further income growth is expected to lead to continuing growth of obesity for both urban and rural male adults as well as for rural female adults. Moreover, the strenuousness of physical activity, which is represented by types of jobs, significantly reduced the BMI for all adults except for urban females, implying that a decrease in the strenuousness of physical activity stemming from economic development and technological changes is an important factor leading to the growth of obesity for all adults and rural female adults.

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Causes of maize density loss in farmers’ fields in Northeast China

ZHAO Ying-jie, XING Sen, ZHANG Qing-song, ZHANG Fu-suo, MA Wen-qi

2019, 18 (8): 1680-1689. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62101-X

Abstract （169） PDF in ScienceDirect

Increasing plant density is an effective and important way to reduce maize yield gaps in Northeast China. However, the fact is that a significant plant density gap exists between optimum plant density and actual plant density in farmers’ fields. To quantify the density gap between planned planting density and final harvest plant density (HPD), we studied 60 farmers’ fields on three types of soil for three crop seasons from 2015 to 2017 by measuring their plant-plant distance, actual seedlings density (ASD), final HPD and yield. We also explored the potential causes of density loss by digging the places where the seedlings were missing for two consecutive years in 2016–2017. Results show that the three-year average HPD in farmers’ fields was 59 699 plants ha^–1, which was significantly lower than the planned density, including both the machine setting density (MSD; 67 962 plants ha^–1) and theoretical plant density (TPD; 67 467 plants ha^–1). No significant difference was found in HPD between years and soil types. However, for MSD and TPD, the average value in 2015 was significantly higher than that in 2016 and 2017. No significant difference between soil types was observed. Furthermore, the results from 2016 till 2017 indicated that a lack of seeds in the soil, a failure to germinate due to low-quality seeds, and a lack of seedlings breaking out of the soil due to environmental problems explained approximately 60.88, 10.33 and 28.80% of density loss, respectively. According to our survey, 63% of farmers did not know their own TPD and HPD, and 54% of farmers did not know the density loss. Therefore, we argue that farmers’ limited knowledge of density and density loss is an urgent problem that needs to be solved in maize production. These observations will be useful for determining best management practices for maize production and for providing helpful suggestions for machine improvement.

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The role of AtGPDHc2 in regulating cellular redox homeostasis of Arabidopsis under salt stress

ZHAO Ying, LIU Meng, WANG Feng, DING Dong, ZHAO Chang-jiang, HE Lin, LI Zuo-tong, XU Jing-yu

2019, 18 (6): 1266-1279. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(18)62082-9

Abstract （200） PDF in ScienceDirect

Plants glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) catalyzes the formation of glycerol-3-phosphate, and plays an essential role in glycerolipid metabolism and stress responses. In the present study, the knock-out mutants of cytosolic GPDH (AtGPDHc2) and wild-type Arabidopsis plants were treated with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mmol L^–1 NaCl to reveal the effects of AtGPDHc2 deficiency on salinity stress responses. The fluctuation in redox status, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymes as well as the transcripts of genes involved in the relevant processes were measured. In the presence of 100 and 150 mmol L^–1 NaCl treatments, AtGPDHc2-deficient plants exhibited a pronounced reduction in germination rate, fresh weight, root length, and overall biomass. Furthermore, loss of AtGPDHc2 resulted in a significant perturbation in cellular redox state (NADH/NAD+ and AsA/DHA) and consequent elevation of ROS and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) content. The elevated ROS level triggered substantial increases in ROS-scavenging enzymes activities, and the up-regulated transcripts of the genes (CSD1, sAPX and PER33) encoding the antioxidant enzymes were also observed. In addition, the transcript levels of COX15, AOX1A and GLDH in gpdhc2 mutants decreased in comparison to wild-type plants, which demonstrated that the deficiency of AtGPDHc2 might also has impact on mitochondrial respiration under salt stress. Together, this work provides some new evidences on illustrating the roles of AtGPDHc2 playing in response to salinity stress by regulating cellular redox homeostasis, ROS metabolism and mitochondrial respiration.

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Effect of leaf removal on photosynthetically active radiation distribution in maize canopy and stalk strength

XUE Jun, GOU Ling, SHI Zhi-guo, ZHAO Ying-shan, ZHANG Wang-feng

2017, 16 (01): 85-96. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(16)61394-1

Abstract （1111） PDF in ScienceDirect

The objectives of this study were to determine how the distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in a maize canopy affected basal internode strength and stalk lodging. The distributions of PAR within the canopies of two maize cultivars (Zhongdan 909 and Xinyu 41) were altered by removing whole leaves or half leaves in different canopy layers. The results showed that removing whole leaves or half leaves above the three-ear-leaves (R_AE and R_AE/2) at flowering significantly increased PAR at the ear and interception of PAR (IPAR) from the ear to middle of the ear and soil surface. These changes increased the structural carbohydrate content and rind penetration strength (RPS) of the third basal internode by 5.4–11.6% and reduced lodging by 4.2–7.8%. Removal of the first three leaves below the three-ear-leaves (R_BE) before flowering significantly reduced IPAR from the ear to half way below the ear. This reduced the structural carbohydrate content and the RPS of the third basal internode by 9.1–17.4% and increased lodging by 7.0–11.2%. Removal of the three lowest green leaves (R_B) in the canopy before flowering increased PAR at the bottom of the canopy, but had no effect on the structural carbohydrate content of the basal internode, the RPS, and the lodging rate. Overall, the results indicated that the key factors affecting the basal internode strength formation and lodging were PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear. Increasing PAR at the ear and IPAR from the ear to halfway below the ear could enhance lodging resistance by increasing the structural carbohydrate content and mechanical strength of the basal internode

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Morphological and Hormonal Identification of Porcine Atretic Follicles and Relationship Analysis of Hormone Receptor Levels During Granulosa Cell Apoptosis In vivo

YU De-bing, YU Min-li, LIN Fei, JIANG Bao-chun, YANG Li-na, WANG Si-yu, ZHAO Ying , WNAG Zheng-chao

2014, 13 (5): 1058-1064. DOI: 10.1016/S2095-3119(13)60448-7

Abstract （1886） PDF in ScienceDirect

Recent reports have demonstrated that follicular atresia is initiated or caused by granulosa cell apoptosis followed by theca cell degeneration in mammalian ovaries, but the mechanism of follicular atresia is still to be elucidated. Therefore, our present study was designed to examine our hypothesis that the changes of follicular microenvironment induce the granulosa cell apoptosis during pocrine follicular atresia in vivo. We firstly isolated intact porcine antral follicles and identified them into three groups, healthy follicles (HF), early atretic follicles (EAF) and progressed atretic follicles (PAF) through morphology and histology. To further confirm their status, we detected hormone levels in follicular fluids and the expression level of apoptosis gene Bax in granulosa cells. The rate of progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) was increased with the expression of Bax, indicating hormone can be used as a marker of granulosa cell apoptosis or follicular atresia. Finally, we analyzed the expression level of hormone receptor genes in granulosa cells and their relationship with follicular atresia. In PAF, the expression of Progesterone receptor (PGR) was increased significantly while estradiol receptor (ER) had no notable changes, which suggesting the increased-PGR accelerated the effect of P-stimulated granulosa cell apoptosis. The dramatic increasing of androgen receptor (AR) expression in PAF and the obvious increase of tumor necrosis factor-α receptor (TNFR) in EAF indicated that there are different pathways regulating granulosa cell apoptosis during follicular atresia. Together, our results suggested that different pathways of granulosa cell apoptosis was induced by changing the follicular microenvironment during follicular atresia.

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Construction of a Normalized Full-Length cDNA Library of Sesame Developing Seed by DSN and SMART

KE Tao; DONG Cai-hua; MAO Han; ZHAO Ying-zhong; LIU Hong-yan and LIU Sheng-yi

2011, 10 (7): 1004-1009. DOI: 10.1016/S1671-2927(11)60087-4

Abstract （2147） PDF in ScienceDirect

Sesame (Sesamue indicum L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops with high oil yield. Here, we described a simpleand efficient method for constructing a normalized cDNA library from a high oil content cultivar of sesame Zhongzhi 14,during its oil accumulation stages. It combined switching mechanism at 5´-end of RNA transcript (SMART) technique andduplex-specific nuclease (DSN) normalization methods. Double-stranded cDNAs were synthesized from mRNAs, processedby normalization and Sfi I restriction endonuclease, and finally the cDNAs were ligated to pDNR-LIB vector. The ligationmixture was transformed into Escherichia coli DH10B by electroporation. The capacity of the library was 1.0×106 clonesin this library. Gel electrophoresis results indicated the fragments ranged from 700 to 2 000 bp, with the average size of1 800 bp. Random picking clones showed that the recombination rate was 100%. The results showed that the cDNA libraryconstructed successfully was a full-length library with high quality, and could be used to screen the genes related todevelopment of oil synthesis.

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circKIF27 inhibits melanogenesis and proliferation by targeting miR-129-5p/TGIF2 pathway in goat melanocytes

JI Kai-yuan, ZHAO Yi-we, YUAN Xin, LIANG Chun-e, ZHANG Xue-qing, TIAN Wen-li, YU Tong, MA Yang-yang, LING Ying-hui, ZHANG Yun-hai

DOI: 10.1016/j.jia.2024.02.008 Online: 12 March 2024

Abstract （39） PDF in ScienceDirect

Skin and hair pigmentation in animals involve intricate regulatory processes. Circular RNA-microRNA (circRNA-miRNA) networks play vital roles in various biological processes, although their involvement in pigmentation has been underexplored. This study focused on circKIF27 expression, which differs significantly in melanocytes isolated from white and brown Boer coat-colored skin, yet its function remains unclear. Here, we investigated the roles of circKIF27 in melanocytes. In situ hybridization assays demonstrated that circKIF27 is expressed in the cytoplasm of melanocytes. qRT-PCR results revealed differential expression levels of circKIF27 in various tissues of male and female goats. Functional analysis showed that circKIF27 overexpression in melanocytes significantly reduces melanin production (P<0.01) and inhibits cell proliferation (P<0.0001). Bioinformatics analysis identified a putative miR-129-5p binding site on circKIF27, and luciferase reporter assays confirmed their interaction. Overexpression of miR-129-5p in melanocytes enhances melanin production (P<0.01) and promotes cell proliferation (P<0.05). Further analysis revealed that TGIF2 possesses two potential miR-129-5p binding sites, and miR-129-5p overexpression in melanocytes significantly inhibits TGIF2 expression (P<0.0001), suggesting a targeted regulatory relationship between these two molecules. Silencing TGIF2 expression via siRNA-TGIF2 transfection leads to increased melanocyte proliferation (P<0.0001) and increased melanin production (P<0.01). These findings highlight the involvement of the circRNA-miRNA network in pigmentation, offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying pigmentation and guiding animal hair color breeding strategies.

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