Flagellar biosynthesis and motility are subject to a four-tiered transcriptional regulatory circuit in Pseudomonas, and the master regulator FleQ appears to be the highest-level regulator in this hierarchical regulatory cascade. Pseudomonas stutzeri A1501 is motile by a polar flagellum; however, the motility and regulatory mechanisms involved in this process are unknown. Here, we searched the A1501 genome for flagella and motility genes and found that approximately 50 genes, which were distributed in three non-contiguous chromosomal regions, contribute to the formation, regulation and function of the flagella. The non-polar mutation of fleQ impaired flagellar biosynthesis, motility and root colonization but enhanced biofilm formation. FleQ positively regulates the expression of flagellar class II–IV genes, suggesting a regulatory cascade that is coordinated similar to that of the well-known P. aeruginosa. Based on our results, we propose that flagellar genes in P. stutzeri A1501 are regulated in a cascade regulated by FleQ and that flagellum-driven motility properties may be necessary for competitive rhizosphere colonization.

The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) has proven to be typically employed to assess terrestrial vegetation conditions. However, one limitation of NDVI for drought monitoring is the apparent time lag between rainfall deficit and NDVI response. To better understand this relationship, time series NDVI (2000-2010) during the growing season in Sichuan Province and Chongqing City were analyzed. The vegetation condition index (VCI) was used to construct a new drought index, time-integrated vegetation condition index (TIVCI), and was then compared with meteorological drought indices-standardized precipitation index (SPI), a multiple-time scale meteorological-drought index based on precipitation, to examine the sensitivity on droughts. Our research findings indicate the followings: (1) farmland NDVI sensitivity to precipitation in study area has a time lag of 16-24 d, and it maximally responds to the temperature with a lag of about 16 d. (2) We applied the approach to Sichuan Province and Chongqing City for extreme drought monitoring in 2006 and 2003, and the results show that the monitoring results from TIVCI are closer to the published China agricultural statistical data than VCI. Compared to VCI, the best results from TIVCI3 were found with the relative errors of -4.5 and 6.36% in 2006 for drought affected area and drought disaster area respectively, and 5.11 and -5.95% in 2003. (3) Compared to VCI, TIVCI has better correlation with the SPI, which indicates the lag and cumulative effects of precipitation on vegetation. Our finding proved that TIVCI is an effective indicator of drought detection when the time lag effects between NDVI and climate factors are taken into consideration.